1 00:02:41,319 --> 00:02:43,619 good afternoon welcome to Goddard Space 2 00:02:43,619 --> 00:02:43,629 good afternoon welcome to Goddard Space 3 00:02:43,629 --> 00:02:45,209 good afternoon welcome to Goddard Space Flight Center and todays space astronomy 4 00:02:45,209 --> 00:02:45,219 Flight Center and todays space astronomy 5 00:02:45,219 --> 00:02:47,940 Flight Center and todays space astronomy update where we will have today some of 6 00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:47,950 update where we will have today some of 7 00:02:47,950 --> 00:02:49,410 update where we will have today some of the most dramatic pictures yet from the 8 00:02:49,410 --> 00:02:49,420 the most dramatic pictures yet from the 9 00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:51,270 the most dramatic pictures yet from the Hubble Space Telescope and here to tell 10 00:02:51,270 --> 00:02:51,280 Hubble Space Telescope and here to tell 11 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,030 Hubble Space Telescope and here to tell us about it and the findings is our 12 00:02:54,030 --> 00:02:54,040 us about it and the findings is our 13 00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:56,489 us about it and the findings is our distinguished panel and our host Steve 14 00:02:56,489 --> 00:02:56,499 distinguished panel and our host Steve 15 00:02:56,499 --> 00:02:58,379 distinguished panel and our host Steve marant an astronomer from Goddard Space 16 00:02:58,379 --> 00:02:58,389 marant an astronomer from Goddard Space 17 00:02:58,389 --> 00:03:00,360 marant an astronomer from Goddard Space Flight Center Steve thanks Don and 18 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:00,370 Flight Center Steve thanks Don and 19 00:03:00,370 --> 00:03:01,920 Flight Center Steve thanks Don and welcome to space astronomy update 20 00:03:01,920 --> 00:03:01,930 welcome to space astronomy update 21 00:03:01,930 --> 00:03:04,559 welcome to space astronomy update everybody originating today from Goddard 22 00:03:04,559 --> 00:03:04,569 everybody originating today from Goddard 23 00:03:04,569 --> 00:03:05,550 everybody originating today from Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt 24 00:03:05,550 --> 00:03:05,560 Space Flight Center in Greenbelt 25 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:08,490 Space Flight Center in Greenbelt Maryland and with us today to discuss 26 00:03:08,490 --> 00:03:08,500 Maryland and with us today to discuss 27 00:03:08,500 --> 00:03:11,819 Maryland and with us today to discuss the birth pangs of stars like the Sun 28 00:03:11,819 --> 00:03:11,829 the birth pangs of stars like the Sun 29 00:03:11,829 --> 00:03:15,690 the birth pangs of stars like the Sun and its solar system are three experts 30 00:03:15,690 --> 00:03:15,700 and its solar system are three experts 31 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:18,119 and its solar system are three experts have been investigating these objects 32 00:03:18,119 --> 00:03:18,129 have been investigating these objects 33 00:03:18,129 --> 00:03:19,640 have been investigating these objects with the Hubble Space Telescope 34 00:03:19,640 --> 00:03:19,650 with the Hubble Space Telescope 35 00:03:19,650 --> 00:03:22,949 with the Hubble Space Telescope professor Jeff Hester from the arizona 36 00:03:22,949 --> 00:03:22,959 professor Jeff Hester from the arizona 37 00:03:22,959 --> 00:03:25,170 professor Jeff Hester from the arizona state university in tempe an 38 00:03:25,170 --> 00:03:25,180 state university in tempe an 39 00:03:25,180 --> 00:03:27,689 state university in tempe an investigator of nebulae of some 40 00:03:27,689 --> 00:03:27,699 investigator of nebulae of some 41 00:03:27,699 --> 00:03:29,789 investigator of nebulae of some distinction and a member of the original 42 00:03:29,789 --> 00:03:29,799 distinction and a member of the original 43 00:03:29,799 --> 00:03:31,920 distinction and a member of the original wide field and planetary camera team for 44 00:03:31,920 --> 00:03:31,930 wide field and planetary camera team for 45 00:03:31,930 --> 00:03:34,470 wide field and planetary camera team for the Hubble Space Telescope and also 46 00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:34,480 the Hubble Space Telescope and also 47 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:36,809 the Hubble Space Telescope and also we're glad to have a young postdoctoral 48 00:03:36,809 --> 00:03:36,819 we're glad to have a young postdoctoral 49 00:03:36,819 --> 00:03:39,959 we're glad to have a young postdoctoral researcher dr. John Morse of the Space 50 00:03:39,959 --> 00:03:39,969 researcher dr. John Morse of the Space 51 00:03:39,969 --> 00:03:42,300 researcher dr. John Morse of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore 52 00:03:42,300 --> 00:03:42,310 Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore 53 00:03:42,310 --> 00:03:44,789 Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore did his PhD on these objects at 54 00:03:44,789 --> 00:03:44,799 did his PhD on these objects at 55 00:03:44,799 --> 00:03:46,920 did his PhD on these objects at University of North Carolina a Harvard 56 00:03:46,920 --> 00:03:46,930 University of North Carolina a Harvard 57 00:03:46,930 --> 00:03:49,259 University of North Carolina a Harvard graduate and welcome back to space 58 00:03:49,259 --> 00:03:49,269 graduate and welcome back to space 59 00:03:49,269 --> 00:03:51,330 graduate and welcome back to space astronomy update one of the optics 60 00:03:51,330 --> 00:03:51,340 astronomy update one of the optics 61 00:03:51,340 --> 00:03:53,309 astronomy update one of the optics experts of the Hubble Space Telescope a 62 00:03:53,309 --> 00:03:53,319 experts of the Hubble Space Telescope a 63 00:03:53,319 --> 00:03:54,960 experts of the Hubble Space Telescope a member of the wide field and planetary 64 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:54,970 member of the wide field and planetary 65 00:03:54,970 --> 00:03:58,229 member of the wide field and planetary camera 2 team from the European Space 66 00:03:58,229 --> 00:03:58,239 camera 2 team from the European Space 67 00:03:58,239 --> 00:03:59,819 camera 2 team from the European Space Agency in Space Telescope Science 68 00:03:59,819 --> 00:03:59,829 Agency in Space Telescope Science 69 00:03:59,829 --> 00:04:02,580 Agency in Space Telescope Science Institute Chris burrows dr. Chris 70 00:04:02,580 --> 00:04:02,590 Institute Chris burrows dr. Chris 71 00:04:02,590 --> 00:04:06,199 Institute Chris burrows dr. Chris burrows and our independent panelist 72 00:04:06,199 --> 00:04:06,209 burrows and our independent panelist 73 00:04:06,209 --> 00:04:08,610 burrows and our independent panelist chairman of the department of astronomy 74 00:04:08,610 --> 00:04:08,620 chairman of the department of astronomy 75 00:04:08,620 --> 00:04:11,729 chairman of the department of astronomy University of Washington in Seattle dr. 76 00:04:11,729 --> 00:04:11,739 University of Washington in Seattle dr. 77 00:04:11,739 --> 00:04:13,949 University of Washington in Seattle dr. Bruce margon who is the chairman of the 78 00:04:13,949 --> 00:04:13,959 Bruce margon who is the chairman of the 79 00:04:13,959 --> 00:04:15,990 Bruce margon who is the chairman of the board of the Astrophysical research 80 00:04:15,990 --> 00:04:16,000 board of the Astrophysical research 81 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:18,300 board of the Astrophysical research consortium and just appointed as the 82 00:04:18,300 --> 00:04:18,310 consortium and just appointed as the 83 00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:20,310 consortium and just appointed as the next chairman of the board of the 84 00:04:20,310 --> 00:04:20,320 next chairman of the board of the 85 00:04:20,320 --> 00:04:22,350 next chairman of the board of the Association of universities for research 86 00:04:22,350 --> 00:04:22,360 Association of universities for research 87 00:04:22,360 --> 00:04:25,200 Association of universities for research in astronomy head of two boards but he 88 00:04:25,200 --> 00:04:25,210 in astronomy head of two boards but he 89 00:04:25,210 --> 00:04:26,790 in astronomy head of two boards but he won't leave anyone bored because he's 90 00:04:26,790 --> 00:04:26,800 won't leave anyone bored because he's 91 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:28,740 won't leave anyone bored because he's one of the brilliant communicators of 92 00:04:28,740 --> 00:04:28,750 one of the brilliant communicators of 93 00:04:28,750 --> 00:04:31,290 one of the brilliant communicators of the astronomical research now we're 94 00:04:31,290 --> 00:04:31,300 the astronomical research now we're 95 00:04:31,300 --> 00:04:33,209 the astronomical research now we're talking about her big harrow objects and 96 00:04:33,209 --> 00:04:33,219 talking about her big harrow objects and 97 00:04:33,219 --> 00:04:36,029 talking about her big harrow objects and Jeff Hester what are they and what have 98 00:04:36,029 --> 00:04:36,039 Jeff Hester what are they and what have 99 00:04:36,039 --> 00:04:37,909 Jeff Hester what are they and what have you seen with the Hubble telescope well 100 00:04:37,909 --> 00:04:37,919 you seen with the Hubble telescope well 101 00:04:37,919 --> 00:04:40,260 you seen with the Hubble telescope well I'll back up a little bit and first 102 00:04:40,260 --> 00:04:40,270 I'll back up a little bit and first 103 00:04:40,270 --> 00:04:41,879 I'll back up a little bit and first start talking about why it is that star 104 00:04:41,879 --> 00:04:41,889 start talking about why it is that star 105 00:04:41,889 --> 00:04:44,149 start talking about why it is that star formation is such a fascinating question 106 00:04:44,149 --> 00:04:44,159 formation is such a fascinating question 107 00:04:44,159 --> 00:04:47,120 formation is such a fascinating question when we look at stars forming 108 00:04:47,120 --> 00:04:47,130 when we look at stars forming 109 00:04:47,130 --> 00:04:49,080 when we look at stars forming astronomers never get a chance to 110 00:04:49,080 --> 00:04:49,090 astronomers never get a chance to 111 00:04:49,090 --> 00:04:51,390 astronomers never get a chance to actually see stars for me but what we 112 00:04:51,390 --> 00:04:51,400 actually see stars for me but what we 113 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:53,610 actually see stars for me but what we can do instead is look out at different 114 00:04:53,610 --> 00:04:53,620 can do instead is look out at different 115 00:04:53,620 --> 00:04:54,930 can do instead is look out at different objects and catch them 116 00:04:54,930 --> 00:04:54,940 objects and catch them 117 00:04:54,940 --> 00:04:56,250 objects and catch them different stages in the formation 118 00:04:56,250 --> 00:04:56,260 different stages in the formation 119 00:04:56,260 --> 00:04:59,190 different stages in the formation process and then use what we know with 120 00:04:59,190 --> 00:04:59,200 process and then use what we know with 121 00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:01,620 process and then use what we know with physics and of our local environment to 122 00:05:01,620 --> 00:05:01,630 physics and of our local environment to 123 00:05:01,630 --> 00:05:03,450 physics and of our local environment to put those together into a story which is 124 00:05:03,450 --> 00:05:03,460 put those together into a story which is 125 00:05:03,460 --> 00:05:05,280 put those together into a story which is becoming a remarkably clean story 126 00:05:05,280 --> 00:05:05,290 becoming a remarkably clean story 127 00:05:05,290 --> 00:05:07,680 becoming a remarkably clean story actually and this is exciting because 128 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:07,690 actually and this is exciting because 129 00:05:07,690 --> 00:05:09,450 actually and this is exciting because really what we're seeing here is what 130 00:05:09,450 --> 00:05:09,460 really what we're seeing here is what 131 00:05:09,460 --> 00:05:11,760 really what we're seeing here is what happened five billion years ago when our 132 00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:11,770 happened five billion years ago when our 133 00:05:11,770 --> 00:05:13,830 happened five billion years ago when our own son and our own solar system came 134 00:05:13,830 --> 00:05:13,840 own son and our own solar system came 135 00:05:13,840 --> 00:05:16,170 own son and our own solar system came into being and so when we look at what 136 00:05:16,170 --> 00:05:16,180 into being and so when we look at what 137 00:05:16,180 --> 00:05:17,760 into being and so when we look at what we're going to be looking at today it's 138 00:05:17,760 --> 00:05:17,770 we're going to be looking at today it's 139 00:05:17,770 --> 00:05:19,770 we're going to be looking at today it's a bit of a time machine that lets us see 140 00:05:19,770 --> 00:05:19,780 a bit of a time machine that lets us see 141 00:05:19,780 --> 00:05:22,410 a bit of a time machine that lets us see into our own history and some of the why 142 00:05:22,410 --> 00:05:22,420 into our own history and some of the why 143 00:05:22,420 --> 00:05:24,960 into our own history and some of the why behind our own existence we could look 144 00:05:24,960 --> 00:05:24,970 behind our own existence we could look 145 00:05:24,970 --> 00:05:27,620 behind our own existence we could look at the first graphic a very important 146 00:05:27,620 --> 00:05:27,630 at the first graphic a very important 147 00:05:27,630 --> 00:05:30,270 at the first graphic a very important piece of this story was discovered in 148 00:05:30,270 --> 00:05:30,280 piece of this story was discovered in 149 00:05:30,280 --> 00:05:33,210 piece of this story was discovered in the 1950s by two astronomers by the name 150 00:05:33,210 --> 00:05:33,220 the 1950s by two astronomers by the name 151 00:05:33,220 --> 00:05:35,100 the 1950s by two astronomers by the name of George her big and Guillermo hello 152 00:05:35,100 --> 00:05:35,110 of George her big and Guillermo hello 153 00:05:35,110 --> 00:05:38,850 of George her big and Guillermo hello and what they found were Jets of glowing 154 00:05:38,850 --> 00:05:38,860 and what they found were Jets of glowing 155 00:05:38,860 --> 00:05:41,670 and what they found were Jets of glowing gas such as the jet here and the jet 156 00:05:41,670 --> 00:05:41,680 gas such as the jet here and the jet 157 00:05:41,680 --> 00:05:44,310 gas such as the jet here and the jet here clumps of glowing gas rather moving 158 00:05:44,310 --> 00:05:44,320 here clumps of glowing gas rather moving 159 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:47,010 here clumps of glowing gas rather moving rapidly through space but we now 160 00:05:47,010 --> 00:05:47,020 rapidly through space but we now 161 00:05:47,020 --> 00:05:49,470 rapidly through space but we now understand is happening is that right 162 00:05:49,470 --> 00:05:49,480 understand is happening is that right 163 00:05:49,480 --> 00:05:51,330 understand is happening is that right about where the cross is now there's a 164 00:05:51,330 --> 00:05:51,340 about where the cross is now there's a 165 00:05:51,340 --> 00:05:53,610 about where the cross is now there's a brand new star that's forming material 166 00:05:53,610 --> 00:05:53,620 brand new star that's forming material 167 00:05:53,620 --> 00:05:56,490 brand new star that's forming material is flowing away from that star in two 168 00:05:56,490 --> 00:05:56,500 is flowing away from that star in two 169 00:05:56,500 --> 00:05:59,190 is flowing away from that star in two Jet's one in this direction and one in 170 00:05:59,190 --> 00:05:59,200 Jet's one in this direction and one in 171 00:05:59,200 --> 00:06:01,080 Jet's one in this direction and one in this direction it's called a bipolar 172 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:01,090 this direction it's called a bipolar 173 00:06:01,090 --> 00:06:03,870 this direction it's called a bipolar outflow that material is streaming away 174 00:06:03,870 --> 00:06:03,880 outflow that material is streaming away 175 00:06:03,880 --> 00:06:06,450 outflow that material is streaming away from that forming star and then up in 176 00:06:06,450 --> 00:06:06,460 from that forming star and then up in 177 00:06:06,460 --> 00:06:08,909 from that forming star and then up in this area and down in this area it's 178 00:06:08,909 --> 00:06:08,919 this area and down in this area it's 179 00:06:08,919 --> 00:06:10,920 this area and down in this area it's running into ambient material the 180 00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:10,930 running into ambient material the 181 00:06:10,930 --> 00:06:13,740 running into ambient material the material that was around that star this 182 00:06:13,740 --> 00:06:13,750 material that was around that star this 183 00:06:13,750 --> 00:06:15,540 material that was around that star this is a Space Telescope picture of an 184 00:06:15,540 --> 00:06:15,550 is a Space Telescope picture of an 185 00:06:15,550 --> 00:06:18,180 is a Space Telescope picture of an object called h81 to which is one of 186 00:06:18,180 --> 00:06:18,190 object called h81 to which is one of 187 00:06:18,190 --> 00:06:19,710 object called h81 to which is one of four different objects that we're going 188 00:06:19,710 --> 00:06:19,720 four different objects that we're going 189 00:06:19,720 --> 00:06:22,740 four different objects that we're going to see images of today a nice thing 190 00:06:22,740 --> 00:06:22,750 to see images of today a nice thing 191 00:06:22,750 --> 00:06:23,880 to see images of today a nice thing about what we're going to see today 192 00:06:23,880 --> 00:06:23,890 about what we're going to see today 193 00:06:23,890 --> 00:06:25,260 about what we're going to see today we're going to see images of four 194 00:06:25,260 --> 00:06:25,270 we're going to see images of four 195 00:06:25,270 --> 00:06:27,240 we're going to see images of four separate objects and yet the story 196 00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:27,250 separate objects and yet the story 197 00:06:27,250 --> 00:06:29,040 separate objects and yet the story that's being told in those four separate 198 00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:29,050 that's being told in those four separate 199 00:06:29,050 --> 00:06:31,980 that's being told in those four separate objects is a common story you put it all 200 00:06:31,980 --> 00:06:31,990 objects is a common story you put it all 201 00:06:31,990 --> 00:06:33,659 objects is a common story you put it all together and you start to get a clear 202 00:06:33,659 --> 00:06:33,669 together and you start to get a clear 203 00:06:33,669 --> 00:06:35,880 together and you start to get a clear picture that answers some fundamental 204 00:06:35,880 --> 00:06:35,890 picture that answers some fundamental 205 00:06:35,890 --> 00:06:38,190 picture that answers some fundamental questions about how it is that stars 206 00:06:38,190 --> 00:06:38,200 questions about how it is that stars 207 00:06:38,200 --> 00:06:40,710 questions about how it is that stars form for example we're going to see some 208 00:06:40,710 --> 00:06:40,720 form for example we're going to see some 209 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:42,270 form for example we're going to see some data that shows us the immediate 210 00:06:42,270 --> 00:06:42,280 data that shows us the immediate 211 00:06:42,280 --> 00:06:45,300 data that shows us the immediate environment around a forming star the 212 00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:45,310 environment around a forming star the 213 00:06:45,310 --> 00:06:47,340 environment around a forming star the things that might lead to solar systems 214 00:06:47,340 --> 00:06:47,350 things that might lead to solar systems 215 00:06:47,350 --> 00:06:49,470 things that might lead to solar systems and such as that we're going to see new 216 00:06:49,470 --> 00:06:49,480 and such as that we're going to see new 217 00:06:49,480 --> 00:06:51,570 and such as that we're going to see new information that tells us about the 218 00:06:51,570 --> 00:06:51,580 information that tells us about the 219 00:06:51,580 --> 00:06:53,550 information that tells us about the material flowing away from those stars 220 00:06:53,550 --> 00:06:53,560 material flowing away from those stars 221 00:06:53,560 --> 00:06:55,800 material flowing away from those stars and in particular tells us that that 222 00:06:55,800 --> 00:06:55,810 and in particular tells us that that 223 00:06:55,810 --> 00:06:58,950 and in particular tells us that that material brings with it the history of 224 00:06:58,950 --> 00:06:58,960 material brings with it the history of 225 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:00,750 material brings with it the history of what was happening with the star itself 226 00:07:00,750 --> 00:07:00,760 what was happening with the star itself 227 00:07:00,760 --> 00:07:03,150 what was happening with the star itself and finally we're going to see a story 228 00:07:03,150 --> 00:07:03,160 and finally we're going to see a story 229 00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:05,070 and finally we're going to see a story about how that material goes out and 230 00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:05,080 about how that material goes out and 231 00:07:05,080 --> 00:07:06,990 about how that material goes out and interacts with the surroundings of the 232 00:07:06,990 --> 00:07:07,000 interacts with the surroundings of the 233 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:08,800 interacts with the surroundings of the star which might be an 234 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:08,810 star which might be an 235 00:07:08,810 --> 00:07:10,690 star which might be an piece of answering the question of what 236 00:07:10,690 --> 00:07:10,700 piece of answering the question of what 237 00:07:10,700 --> 00:07:13,420 piece of answering the question of what makes stars the size that they are if I 238 00:07:13,420 --> 00:07:13,430 makes stars the size that they are if I 239 00:07:13,430 --> 00:07:16,210 makes stars the size that they are if I could have the next graphic this is an 240 00:07:16,210 --> 00:07:16,220 could have the next graphic this is an 241 00:07:16,220 --> 00:07:19,240 could have the next graphic this is an object called HH 34 and this is a 242 00:07:19,240 --> 00:07:19,250 object called HH 34 and this is a 243 00:07:19,250 --> 00:07:20,830 object called HH 34 and this is a different object from the last one that 244 00:07:20,830 --> 00:07:20,840 different object from the last one that 245 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:22,990 different object from the last one that we showed you and what you see here 246 00:07:22,990 --> 00:07:23,000 we showed you and what you see here 247 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,960 we showed you and what you see here again is right down at about this 248 00:07:25,960 --> 00:07:25,970 again is right down at about this 249 00:07:25,970 --> 00:07:28,150 again is right down at about this location right at the tip of that little 250 00:07:28,150 --> 00:07:28,160 location right at the tip of that little 251 00:07:28,160 --> 00:07:30,970 location right at the tip of that little arrow shape is where the star itself is 252 00:07:30,970 --> 00:07:30,980 arrow shape is where the star itself is 253 00:07:30,980 --> 00:07:33,610 arrow shape is where the star itself is the light that you see right around that 254 00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:33,620 the light that you see right around that 255 00:07:33,620 --> 00:07:36,640 the light that you see right around that is light that's being reflected from the 256 00:07:36,640 --> 00:07:36,650 is light that's being reflected from the 257 00:07:36,650 --> 00:07:38,620 is light that's being reflected from the cloud and the disk from which that star 258 00:07:38,620 --> 00:07:38,630 cloud and the disk from which that star 259 00:07:38,630 --> 00:07:41,650 cloud and the disk from which that star is forming coming out away from that 260 00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:41,660 is forming coming out away from that 261 00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:45,640 is forming coming out away from that star is an exceedingly thin jet and one 262 00:07:45,640 --> 00:07:45,650 star is an exceedingly thin jet and one 263 00:07:45,650 --> 00:07:47,290 star is an exceedingly thin jet and one of the new results that will be talking 264 00:07:47,290 --> 00:07:47,300 of the new results that will be talking 265 00:07:47,300 --> 00:07:49,659 of the new results that will be talking about today is the fact that that jet is 266 00:07:49,659 --> 00:07:49,669 about today is the fact that that jet is 267 00:07:49,669 --> 00:07:52,330 about today is the fact that that jet is so very very thin right at its tip that 268 00:07:52,330 --> 00:07:52,340 so very very thin right at its tip that 269 00:07:52,340 --> 00:07:53,710 so very very thin right at its tip that tells us it's coming from the star 270 00:07:53,710 --> 00:07:53,720 tells us it's coming from the star 271 00:07:53,720 --> 00:07:56,770 tells us it's coming from the star itself almost that material then comes 272 00:07:56,770 --> 00:07:56,780 itself almost that material then comes 273 00:07:56,780 --> 00:07:58,780 itself almost that material then comes streaming out through interstellar space 274 00:07:58,780 --> 00:07:58,790 streaming out through interstellar space 275 00:07:58,790 --> 00:08:01,750 streaming out through interstellar space and if you see each of these knots along 276 00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:01,760 and if you see each of these knots along 277 00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:04,659 and if you see each of these knots along here they sort of look like a train of 278 00:08:04,659 --> 00:08:04,669 here they sort of look like a train of 279 00:08:04,669 --> 00:08:07,270 here they sort of look like a train of motorboats each of which has its own 280 00:08:07,270 --> 00:08:07,280 motorboats each of which has its own 281 00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:09,219 motorboats each of which has its own little bow wave and that's a very 282 00:08:09,219 --> 00:08:09,229 little bow wave and that's a very 283 00:08:09,229 --> 00:08:11,680 little bow wave and that's a very exciting new result when astronomers 284 00:08:11,680 --> 00:08:11,690 exciting new result when astronomers 285 00:08:11,690 --> 00:08:13,360 exciting new result when astronomers first looked at these jets they 286 00:08:13,360 --> 00:08:13,370 first looked at these jets they 287 00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:16,060 first looked at these jets they understood that they were clumpy but 288 00:08:16,060 --> 00:08:16,070 understood that they were clumpy but 289 00:08:16,070 --> 00:08:17,770 understood that they were clumpy but many astronomers believe that those 290 00:08:17,770 --> 00:08:17,780 many astronomers believe that those 291 00:08:17,780 --> 00:08:20,529 many astronomers believe that those clumps were in fact due to a smooth flow 292 00:08:20,529 --> 00:08:20,539 clumps were in fact due to a smooth flow 293 00:08:20,539 --> 00:08:22,960 clumps were in fact due to a smooth flow in the jet that had some sort of funny 294 00:08:22,960 --> 00:08:22,970 in the jet that had some sort of funny 295 00:08:22,970 --> 00:08:25,600 in the jet that had some sort of funny internal structure in it for those of 296 00:08:25,600 --> 00:08:25,610 internal structure in it for those of 297 00:08:25,610 --> 00:08:27,010 internal structure in it for those of you who've watched a space shuttle take 298 00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:27,020 you who've watched a space shuttle take 299 00:08:27,020 --> 00:08:28,240 you who've watched a space shuttle take off you might notice that there are 300 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:28,250 off you might notice that there are 301 00:08:28,250 --> 00:08:30,100 off you might notice that there are little diamond-shaped features behind 302 00:08:30,100 --> 00:08:30,110 little diamond-shaped features behind 303 00:08:30,110 --> 00:08:32,230 little diamond-shaped features behind the shuttle main engines we now know 304 00:08:32,230 --> 00:08:32,240 the shuttle main engines we now know 305 00:08:32,240 --> 00:08:34,120 the shuttle main engines we now know that's not what's going on in these jets 306 00:08:34,120 --> 00:08:34,130 that's not what's going on in these jets 307 00:08:34,130 --> 00:08:36,520 that's not what's going on in these jets that in fact each one of these knots is 308 00:08:36,520 --> 00:08:36,530 that in fact each one of these knots is 309 00:08:36,530 --> 00:08:38,500 that in fact each one of these knots is a separate little puff of material 310 00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:38,510 a separate little puff of material 311 00:08:38,510 --> 00:08:40,839 a separate little puff of material bursts of material that came off of the 312 00:08:40,839 --> 00:08:40,849 bursts of material that came off of the 313 00:08:40,849 --> 00:08:43,060 bursts of material that came off of the forming star and we can look at those 314 00:08:43,060 --> 00:08:43,070 forming star and we can look at those 315 00:08:43,070 --> 00:08:45,400 forming star and we can look at those bursts and find out not only about the 316 00:08:45,400 --> 00:08:45,410 bursts and find out not only about the 317 00:08:45,410 --> 00:08:49,630 bursts and find out not only about the jet itself but about the source finally 318 00:08:49,630 --> 00:08:49,640 jet itself but about the source finally 319 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:53,590 jet itself but about the source finally to to close up a few opening thoughts we 320 00:08:53,590 --> 00:08:53,600 to to close up a few opening thoughts we 321 00:08:53,600 --> 00:08:56,500 to to close up a few opening thoughts we see jets in these forming stars but the 322 00:08:56,500 --> 00:08:56,510 see jets in these forming stars but the 323 00:08:56,510 --> 00:08:58,270 see jets in these forming stars but the jets that we see in these forming stars 324 00:08:58,270 --> 00:08:58,280 jets that we see in these forming stars 325 00:08:58,280 --> 00:09:00,220 jets that we see in these forming stars are also very similar to the jets that 326 00:09:00,220 --> 00:09:00,230 are also very similar to the jets that 327 00:09:00,230 --> 00:09:02,130 are also very similar to the jets that astronomers see when they study 328 00:09:02,130 --> 00:09:02,140 astronomers see when they study 329 00:09:02,140 --> 00:09:04,300 astronomers see when they study quasi-stellar objects when they study 330 00:09:04,300 --> 00:09:04,310 quasi-stellar objects when they study 331 00:09:04,310 --> 00:09:07,210 quasi-stellar objects when they study radio galaxies when they study jets that 332 00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:07,220 radio galaxies when they study jets that 333 00:09:07,220 --> 00:09:09,850 radio galaxies when they study jets that cover millions of light-years of 334 00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:09,860 cover millions of light-years of 335 00:09:09,860 --> 00:09:11,650 cover millions of light-years of interstellar space and when they talk 336 00:09:11,650 --> 00:09:11,660 interstellar space and when they talk 337 00:09:11,660 --> 00:09:13,690 interstellar space and when they talk about massive black holes at the Centers 338 00:09:13,690 --> 00:09:13,700 about massive black holes at the Centers 339 00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:16,300 about massive black holes at the Centers of galaxies here we're looking at the 340 00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:16,310 of galaxies here we're looking at the 341 00:09:16,310 --> 00:09:18,910 of galaxies here we're looking at the very same types of phenomena that now 342 00:09:18,910 --> 00:09:18,920 very same types of phenomena that now 343 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:20,890 very same types of phenomena that now close by where we can study them in more 344 00:09:20,890 --> 00:09:20,900 close by where we can study them in more 345 00:09:20,900 --> 00:09:22,289 close by where we can study them in more d 346 00:09:22,289 --> 00:09:22,299 d 347 00:09:22,299 --> 00:09:26,739 d Steve thank you Jeff Hester and John 348 00:09:26,739 --> 00:09:26,749 Steve thank you Jeff Hester and John 349 00:09:26,749 --> 00:09:28,089 Steve thank you Jeff Hester and John Morris what have you seen of these 350 00:09:28,089 --> 00:09:28,099 Morris what have you seen of these 351 00:09:28,099 --> 00:09:30,400 Morris what have you seen of these objects with bubble well aside from 352 00:09:30,400 --> 00:09:30,410 objects with bubble well aside from 353 00:09:30,410 --> 00:09:32,829 objects with bubble well aside from investigating the origin of the Jets we 354 00:09:32,829 --> 00:09:32,839 investigating the origin of the Jets we 355 00:09:32,839 --> 00:09:35,650 investigating the origin of the Jets we might also ask how these Jets interact 356 00:09:35,650 --> 00:09:35,660 might also ask how these Jets interact 357 00:09:35,660 --> 00:09:37,509 might also ask how these Jets interact with their environments and how 358 00:09:37,509 --> 00:09:37,519 with their environments and how 359 00:09:37,519 --> 00:09:40,139 with their environments and how important they an impact they may have 360 00:09:40,139 --> 00:09:40,149 important they an impact they may have 361 00:09:40,149 --> 00:09:44,019 important they an impact they may have these new hubble space telescope images 362 00:09:44,019 --> 00:09:44,029 these new hubble space telescope images 363 00:09:44,029 --> 00:09:45,999 these new hubble space telescope images show us for the first time the details 364 00:09:45,999 --> 00:09:46,009 show us for the first time the details 365 00:09:46,009 --> 00:09:48,429 show us for the first time the details of the interactions between the Jets and 366 00:09:48,429 --> 00:09:48,439 of the interactions between the Jets and 367 00:09:48,439 --> 00:09:51,909 of the interactions between the Jets and the interstellar gas first of all the 368 00:09:51,909 --> 00:09:51,919 the interstellar gas first of all the 369 00:09:51,919 --> 00:09:55,479 the interstellar gas first of all the Jets travel at very high speeds hundreds 370 00:09:55,479 --> 00:09:55,489 Jets travel at very high speeds hundreds 371 00:09:55,489 --> 00:09:57,729 Jets travel at very high speeds hundreds of kilometers per second and shockwaves 372 00:09:57,729 --> 00:09:57,739 of kilometers per second and shockwaves 373 00:09:57,739 --> 00:10:00,069 of kilometers per second and shockwaves form along the flow where it interacts 374 00:10:00,069 --> 00:10:00,079 form along the flow where it interacts 375 00:10:00,079 --> 00:10:01,929 form along the flow where it interacts with the interstellar gas causing the 376 00:10:01,929 --> 00:10:01,939 with the interstellar gas causing the 377 00:10:01,939 --> 00:10:04,889 with the interstellar gas causing the jet and that interstellar gas to glow 378 00:10:04,889 --> 00:10:04,899 jet and that interstellar gas to glow 379 00:10:04,899 --> 00:10:08,439 jet and that interstellar gas to glow the shockwaves sweep away material from 380 00:10:08,439 --> 00:10:08,449 the shockwaves sweep away material from 381 00:10:08,449 --> 00:10:12,339 the shockwaves sweep away material from the protostar and may in fact restrict 382 00:10:12,339 --> 00:10:12,349 the protostar and may in fact restrict 383 00:10:12,349 --> 00:10:14,409 the protostar and may in fact restrict how much material is available to build 384 00:10:14,409 --> 00:10:14,419 how much material is available to build 385 00:10:14,419 --> 00:10:18,129 how much material is available to build the star secondly the Jets propagate for 386 00:10:18,129 --> 00:10:18,139 the star secondly the Jets propagate for 387 00:10:18,139 --> 00:10:20,769 the star secondly the Jets propagate for very large distances at least several 388 00:10:20,769 --> 00:10:20,779 very large distances at least several 389 00:10:20,779 --> 00:10:24,609 very large distances at least several yard light years in some cases they 390 00:10:24,609 --> 00:10:24,619 yard light years in some cases they 391 00:10:24,619 --> 00:10:26,889 yard light years in some cases they deposit considerable energy into the gas 392 00:10:26,889 --> 00:10:26,899 deposit considerable energy into the gas 393 00:10:26,899 --> 00:10:29,319 deposit considerable energy into the gas clouds which are forming stars and so 394 00:10:29,319 --> 00:10:29,329 clouds which are forming stars and so 395 00:10:29,329 --> 00:10:33,279 clouds which are forming stars and so somewhat ironically if you have a gas 396 00:10:33,279 --> 00:10:33,289 somewhat ironically if you have a gas 397 00:10:33,289 --> 00:10:34,869 somewhat ironically if you have a gas cloud which is sitting there forming 398 00:10:34,869 --> 00:10:34,879 cloud which is sitting there forming 399 00:10:34,879 --> 00:10:37,989 cloud which is sitting there forming stars the actual process of star 400 00:10:37,989 --> 00:10:37,999 stars the actual process of star 401 00:10:37,999 --> 00:10:41,469 stars the actual process of star formation may wind up destroying the gas 402 00:10:41,469 --> 00:10:41,479 formation may wind up destroying the gas 403 00:10:41,479 --> 00:10:44,529 formation may wind up destroying the gas cloud for example let's look at the HH 404 00:10:44,529 --> 00:10:44,539 cloud for example let's look at the HH 405 00:10:44,539 --> 00:10:47,679 cloud for example let's look at the HH 47 system if we can bring up the first 406 00:10:47,679 --> 00:10:47,689 47 system if we can bring up the first 407 00:10:47,689 --> 00:10:52,329 47 system if we can bring up the first graphic this is a ground-based image 408 00:10:52,329 --> 00:10:52,339 graphic this is a ground-based image 409 00:10:52,339 --> 00:10:54,909 graphic this is a ground-based image taken by bo raipur at the european 410 00:10:54,909 --> 00:10:54,919 taken by bo raipur at the european 411 00:10:54,919 --> 00:10:58,389 taken by bo raipur at the european southern observatory this is the outline 412 00:10:58,389 --> 00:10:58,399 southern observatory this is the outline 413 00:10:58,399 --> 00:11:00,609 southern observatory this is the outline of the cloud here and there's a single 414 00:11:00,609 --> 00:11:00,619 of the cloud here and there's a single 415 00:11:00,619 --> 00:11:02,619 of the cloud here and there's a single star which is forming down in the cloud 416 00:11:02,619 --> 00:11:02,629 star which is forming down in the cloud 417 00:11:02,629 --> 00:11:04,960 star which is forming down in the cloud the star is located about right here 418 00:11:04,960 --> 00:11:04,970 the star is located about right here 419 00:11:04,970 --> 00:11:08,889 the star is located about right here it's invisible in the optical but we can 420 00:11:08,889 --> 00:11:08,899 it's invisible in the optical but we can 421 00:11:08,899 --> 00:11:12,429 it's invisible in the optical but we can detect it in the infrared this jet is 422 00:11:12,429 --> 00:11:12,439 detect it in the infrared this jet is 423 00:11:12,439 --> 00:11:14,799 detect it in the infrared this jet is driving two Jet's one to the Northeast 424 00:11:14,799 --> 00:11:14,809 driving two Jet's one to the Northeast 425 00:11:14,809 --> 00:11:16,989 driving two Jet's one to the Northeast which is up here which is slightly 426 00:11:16,989 --> 00:11:16,999 which is up here which is slightly 427 00:11:16,999 --> 00:11:18,999 which is up here which is slightly inclined towards us so it comes out of 428 00:11:18,999 --> 00:11:19,009 inclined towards us so it comes out of 429 00:11:19,009 --> 00:11:20,710 inclined towards us so it comes out of the cloud and we can see it the other 430 00:11:20,710 --> 00:11:20,720 the cloud and we can see it the other 431 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:23,889 the cloud and we can see it the other jet we can faintly see right here and it 432 00:11:23,889 --> 00:11:23,899 jet we can faintly see right here and it 433 00:11:23,899 --> 00:11:28,300 jet we can faintly see right here and it is heading off in this direction 434 00:11:28,300 --> 00:11:28,310 435 00:11:28,310 --> 00:11:32,260 mawlid zoom in on the details that the 436 00:11:32,260 --> 00:11:32,270 mawlid zoom in on the details that the 437 00:11:32,270 --> 00:11:37,530 mawlid zoom in on the details that the Hubble Space Telescope image shows us 438 00:11:37,530 --> 00:11:37,540 439 00:11:37,540 --> 00:11:40,420 first of all we see that the jet has 440 00:11:40,420 --> 00:11:40,430 first of all we see that the jet has 441 00:11:40,430 --> 00:11:42,850 first of all we see that the jet has carved a hole in the gas cloud remember 442 00:11:42,850 --> 00:11:42,860 carved a hole in the gas cloud remember 443 00:11:42,860 --> 00:11:44,829 carved a hole in the gas cloud remember the stars about right here and this jet 444 00:11:44,829 --> 00:11:44,839 the stars about right here and this jet 445 00:11:44,839 --> 00:11:47,170 the stars about right here and this jet is speeding off to the northeast 446 00:11:47,170 --> 00:11:47,180 is speeding off to the northeast 447 00:11:47,180 --> 00:11:49,360 is speeding off to the northeast direction here these white filaments are 448 00:11:49,360 --> 00:11:49,370 direction here these white filaments are 449 00:11:49,370 --> 00:11:52,090 direction here these white filaments are the walls of the cavity and it's just 450 00:11:52,090 --> 00:11:52,100 the walls of the cavity and it's just 451 00:11:52,100 --> 00:11:54,190 the walls of the cavity and it's just reflecting light from the star which is 452 00:11:54,190 --> 00:11:54,200 reflecting light from the star which is 453 00:11:54,200 --> 00:11:55,840 reflecting light from the star which is here which is shining through the hole 454 00:11:55,840 --> 00:11:55,850 here which is shining through the hole 455 00:11:55,850 --> 00:11:59,440 here which is shining through the hole carved out by the Jets the real news in 456 00:11:59,440 --> 00:11:59,450 carved out by the Jets the real news in 457 00:11:59,450 --> 00:12:03,670 carved out by the Jets the real news in this story is that we can see these thin 458 00:12:03,670 --> 00:12:03,680 this story is that we can see these thin 459 00:12:03,680 --> 00:12:06,490 this story is that we can see these thin shox structures along the edges of the 460 00:12:06,490 --> 00:12:06,500 shox structures along the edges of the 461 00:12:06,500 --> 00:12:09,100 shox structures along the edges of the jet highlighted in blue green here 462 00:12:09,100 --> 00:12:09,110 jet highlighted in blue green here 463 00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:11,290 jet highlighted in blue green here there's a series of them associated with 464 00:12:11,290 --> 00:12:11,300 there's a series of them associated with 465 00:12:11,300 --> 00:12:13,240 there's a series of them associated with these knots and there's a big one up 466 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:13,250 these knots and there's a big one up 467 00:12:13,250 --> 00:12:16,780 these knots and there's a big one up here associated with the bow wave now 468 00:12:16,780 --> 00:12:16,790 here associated with the bow wave now 469 00:12:16,790 --> 00:12:18,820 here associated with the bow wave now these thin structures had never been 470 00:12:18,820 --> 00:12:18,830 these thin structures had never been 471 00:12:18,830 --> 00:12:21,430 these thin structures had never been seen before in exquisite detail that 472 00:12:21,430 --> 00:12:21,440 seen before in exquisite detail that 473 00:12:21,440 --> 00:12:22,780 seen before in exquisite detail that we're seeing here and this is the first 474 00:12:22,780 --> 00:12:22,790 we're seeing here and this is the first 475 00:12:22,790 --> 00:12:26,260 we're seeing here and this is the first time we've been able to tell how the jet 476 00:12:26,260 --> 00:12:26,270 time we've been able to tell how the jet 477 00:12:26,270 --> 00:12:29,040 time we've been able to tell how the jet will transfer momentum to the gas cloud 478 00:12:29,040 --> 00:12:29,050 will transfer momentum to the gas cloud 479 00:12:29,050 --> 00:12:35,829 will transfer momentum to the gas cloud okay Thank You Johnny Chris burrows you 480 00:12:35,829 --> 00:12:35,839 okay Thank You Johnny Chris burrows you 481 00:12:35,839 --> 00:12:39,220 okay Thank You Johnny Chris burrows you were with us last when we discover these 482 00:12:39,220 --> 00:12:39,230 were with us last when we discover these 483 00:12:39,230 --> 00:12:42,280 were with us last when we discover these or obtain a beautiful images of three 484 00:12:42,280 --> 00:12:42,290 or obtain a beautiful images of three 485 00:12:42,290 --> 00:12:44,950 or obtain a beautiful images of three rings around supernova 1987a want to 486 00:12:44,950 --> 00:12:44,960 rings around supernova 1987a want to 487 00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:47,800 rings around supernova 1987a want to know what you have to top it well in 488 00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:47,810 know what you have to top it well in 489 00:12:47,810 --> 00:12:50,110 know what you have to top it well in some ways this desktop it what we see 490 00:12:50,110 --> 00:12:50,120 some ways this desktop it what we see 491 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:54,310 some ways this desktop it what we see with Hubble now is an image of star in 492 00:12:54,310 --> 00:12:54,320 with Hubble now is an image of star in 493 00:12:54,320 --> 00:12:56,740 with Hubble now is an image of star in the closest star forming region so here 494 00:12:56,740 --> 00:12:56,750 the closest star forming region so here 495 00:12:56,750 --> 00:12:58,329 the closest star forming region so here we have a unique opportunity this is the 496 00:12:58,329 --> 00:12:58,339 we have a unique opportunity this is the 497 00:12:58,339 --> 00:13:00,250 we have a unique opportunity this is the closest star forming region to us and 498 00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:00,260 closest star forming region to us and 499 00:13:00,260 --> 00:13:01,660 closest star forming region to us and we're looking at it with the most 500 00:13:01,660 --> 00:13:01,670 we're looking at it with the most 501 00:13:01,670 --> 00:13:04,210 we're looking at it with the most powerful telescope available to humans 502 00:13:04,210 --> 00:13:04,220 powerful telescope available to humans 503 00:13:04,220 --> 00:13:10,060 powerful telescope available to humans and what we see is is around the star we 504 00:13:10,060 --> 00:13:10,070 and what we see is is around the star we 505 00:13:10,070 --> 00:13:11,890 and what we see is is around the star we see the disk of material that's falling 506 00:13:11,890 --> 00:13:11,900 see the disk of material that's falling 507 00:13:11,900 --> 00:13:14,590 see the disk of material that's falling in to form the start and we see the jet 508 00:13:14,590 --> 00:13:14,600 in to form the start and we see the jet 509 00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:17,079 in to form the start and we see the jet being formed this is the image that 510 00:13:17,079 --> 00:13:17,089 being formed this is the image that 511 00:13:17,089 --> 00:13:21,010 being formed this is the image that we've obtained and you can see this disc 512 00:13:21,010 --> 00:13:21,020 we've obtained and you can see this disc 513 00:13:21,020 --> 00:13:22,900 we've obtained and you can see this disc here this is the top surface of the disc 514 00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:22,910 here this is the top surface of the disc 515 00:13:22,910 --> 00:13:24,430 here this is the top surface of the disc the back of the disc and this is the 516 00:13:24,430 --> 00:13:24,440 the back of the disc and this is the 517 00:13:24,440 --> 00:13:25,660 the back of the disc and this is the front of the disc these are both being 518 00:13:25,660 --> 00:13:25,670 front of the disc these are both being 519 00:13:25,670 --> 00:13:27,579 front of the disc these are both being lit up by the star that's forming in the 520 00:13:27,579 --> 00:13:27,589 lit up by the star that's forming in the 521 00:13:27,589 --> 00:13:29,680 lit up by the star that's forming in the middle here now we can't see the star at 522 00:13:29,680 --> 00:13:29,690 middle here now we can't see the star at 523 00:13:29,690 --> 00:13:31,660 middle here now we can't see the star at all because it's obscured behind the 524 00:13:31,660 --> 00:13:31,670 all because it's obscured behind the 525 00:13:31,670 --> 00:13:34,470 all because it's obscured behind the disc itself it's there's a very dense 526 00:13:34,470 --> 00:13:34,480 disc itself it's there's a very dense 527 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:37,780 disc itself it's there's a very dense band of dust between us and the star and 528 00:13:37,780 --> 00:13:37,790 band of dust between us and the star and 529 00:13:37,790 --> 00:13:39,850 band of dust between us and the star and in fact only one in a hundred billion 530 00:13:39,850 --> 00:13:39,860 in fact only one in a hundred billion 531 00:13:39,860 --> 00:13:41,860 in fact only one in a hundred billion billion photons that come from that 532 00:13:41,860 --> 00:13:41,870 billion photons that come from that 533 00:13:41,870 --> 00:13:43,900 billion photons that come from that star actually make it back out to us 534 00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:43,910 star actually make it back out to us 535 00:13:43,910 --> 00:13:46,090 star actually make it back out to us directly but quite a few as you can see 536 00:13:46,090 --> 00:13:46,100 directly but quite a few as you can see 537 00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:47,620 directly but quite a few as you can see a reflective from the disc so you can 538 00:13:47,620 --> 00:13:47,630 a reflective from the disc so you can 539 00:13:47,630 --> 00:13:49,540 a reflective from the disc so you can see the shape of the disc and we're able 540 00:13:49,540 --> 00:13:49,550 see the shape of the disc and we're able 541 00:13:49,550 --> 00:13:52,180 see the shape of the disc and we're able to quantitatively model it then we're 542 00:13:52,180 --> 00:13:52,190 to quantitatively model it then we're 543 00:13:52,190 --> 00:13:54,460 to quantitatively model it then we're also able to see the jet as it comes out 544 00:13:54,460 --> 00:13:54,470 also able to see the jet as it comes out 545 00:13:54,470 --> 00:13:56,920 also able to see the jet as it comes out from the star and it's as the disc 546 00:13:56,920 --> 00:13:56,930 from the star and it's as the disc 547 00:13:56,930 --> 00:13:58,930 from the star and it's as the disc collapse on collapses to form the star 548 00:13:58,930 --> 00:13:58,940 collapse on collapses to form the star 549 00:13:58,940 --> 00:14:02,019 collapse on collapses to form the star it's super heated and the jet is 550 00:14:02,019 --> 00:14:02,029 it's super heated and the jet is 551 00:14:02,029 --> 00:14:03,640 it's super heated and the jet is material that's escaping and the only 552 00:14:03,640 --> 00:14:03,650 material that's escaping and the only 553 00:14:03,650 --> 00:14:06,700 material that's escaping and the only free path perpendicular to the disk gets 554 00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:06,710 free path perpendicular to the disk gets 555 00:14:06,710 --> 00:14:09,700 free path perpendicular to the disk gets jetted out in both directions and we're 556 00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:09,710 jetted out in both directions and we're 557 00:14:09,710 --> 00:14:12,070 jetted out in both directions and we're able to see it as a very fine stream 558 00:14:12,070 --> 00:14:12,080 able to see it as a very fine stream 559 00:14:12,080 --> 00:14:13,810 able to see it as a very fine stream coming right from the star it's 560 00:14:13,810 --> 00:14:13,820 coming right from the star it's 561 00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,760 coming right from the star it's unresolved even by hubble clothes into 562 00:14:15,760 --> 00:14:15,770 unresolved even by hubble clothes into 563 00:14:15,770 --> 00:14:18,280 unresolved even by hubble clothes into the star which means it's got the scales 564 00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:18,290 the star which means it's got the scales 565 00:14:18,290 --> 00:14:20,410 the star which means it's got the scales of less than the size of our solar 566 00:14:20,410 --> 00:14:20,420 of less than the size of our solar 567 00:14:20,420 --> 00:14:23,590 of less than the size of our solar system our solar system itself would fit 568 00:14:23,590 --> 00:14:23,600 system our solar system itself would fit 569 00:14:23,600 --> 00:14:25,540 system our solar system itself would fit in this image at about that size there 570 00:14:25,540 --> 00:14:25,550 in this image at about that size there 571 00:14:25,550 --> 00:14:27,880 in this image at about that size there across there so you can see that we're 572 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:27,890 across there so you can see that we're 573 00:14:27,890 --> 00:14:30,070 across there so you can see that we're seeing now on the scale of our own solar 574 00:14:30,070 --> 00:14:30,080 seeing now on the scale of our own solar 575 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:32,410 seeing now on the scale of our own solar system a star in the form in the process 576 00:14:32,410 --> 00:14:32,420 system a star in the form in the process 577 00:14:32,420 --> 00:14:35,050 system a star in the form in the process of forming and indeed when this star has 578 00:14:35,050 --> 00:14:35,060 of forming and indeed when this star has 579 00:14:35,060 --> 00:14:36,970 of forming and indeed when this star has formed the material that is left behind 580 00:14:36,970 --> 00:14:36,980 formed the material that is left behind 581 00:14:36,980 --> 00:14:40,570 formed the material that is left behind in the disk could well eventually form 582 00:14:40,570 --> 00:14:40,580 in the disk could well eventually form 583 00:14:40,580 --> 00:14:45,310 in the disk could well eventually form planets so okay Thank You Kris and Bruce 584 00:14:45,310 --> 00:14:45,320 planets so okay Thank You Kris and Bruce 585 00:14:45,320 --> 00:14:47,800 planets so okay Thank You Kris and Bruce marg on these are amazing pictures of 586 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:47,810 marg on these are amazing pictures of 587 00:14:47,810 --> 00:14:50,050 marg on these are amazing pictures of jets and all I'm sure most people 588 00:14:50,050 --> 00:14:50,060 jets and all I'm sure most people 589 00:14:50,060 --> 00:14:52,420 jets and all I'm sure most people haven't thought of phenomena like this 590 00:14:52,420 --> 00:14:52,430 haven't thought of phenomena like this 591 00:14:52,430 --> 00:14:55,150 haven't thought of phenomena like this very much in there people read about how 592 00:14:55,150 --> 00:14:55,160 very much in there people read about how 593 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:56,800 very much in there people read about how the Sun might have formed it stars from 594 00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:56,810 the Sun might have formed it stars from 595 00:14:56,810 --> 00:14:59,290 the Sun might have formed it stars from how does this fit with our solar system 596 00:14:59,290 --> 00:14:59,300 how does this fit with our solar system 597 00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:01,810 how does this fit with our solar system good got into being well you're right 598 00:15:01,810 --> 00:15:01,820 good got into being well you're right 599 00:15:01,820 --> 00:15:03,940 good got into being well you're right Steve that when people think about these 600 00:15:03,940 --> 00:15:03,950 Steve that when people think about these 601 00:15:03,950 --> 00:15:06,670 Steve that when people think about these narrowly focused jets and astronomy they 602 00:15:06,670 --> 00:15:06,680 narrowly focused jets and astronomy they 603 00:15:06,680 --> 00:15:10,269 narrowly focused jets and astronomy they normally think about a larger scale far 604 00:15:10,269 --> 00:15:10,279 normally think about a larger scale far 605 00:15:10,279 --> 00:15:12,070 normally think about a larger scale far more violent events in astronomy like 606 00:15:12,070 --> 00:15:12,080 more violent events in astronomy like 607 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:13,870 more violent events in astronomy like quasi-stellar objects that are ejecting 608 00:15:13,870 --> 00:15:13,880 quasi-stellar objects that are ejecting 609 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:16,090 quasi-stellar objects that are ejecting huge amounts of material over scales and 610 00:15:16,090 --> 00:15:16,100 huge amounts of material over scales and 611 00:15:16,100 --> 00:15:18,100 huge amounts of material over scales and millions of light years here we're 612 00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:18,110 millions of light years here we're 613 00:15:18,110 --> 00:15:20,350 millions of light years here we're talking about a far more common 614 00:15:20,350 --> 00:15:20,360 talking about a far more common 615 00:15:20,360 --> 00:15:22,150 talking about a far more common phenomenon indeed a phenomena every star 616 00:15:22,150 --> 00:15:22,160 phenomenon indeed a phenomena every star 617 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:24,850 phenomenon indeed a phenomena every star has to undergo namely collapsing from a 618 00:15:24,850 --> 00:15:24,860 has to undergo namely collapsing from a 619 00:15:24,860 --> 00:15:27,519 has to undergo namely collapsing from a diffuse cloud to become a star and yet 620 00:15:27,519 --> 00:15:27,529 diffuse cloud to become a star and yet 621 00:15:27,529 --> 00:15:30,910 diffuse cloud to become a star and yet we see that these Jets still occur and 622 00:15:30,910 --> 00:15:30,920 we see that these Jets still occur and 623 00:15:30,920 --> 00:15:33,190 we see that these Jets still occur and they occur remarkably even though the 624 00:15:33,190 --> 00:15:33,200 they occur remarkably even though the 625 00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:35,410 they occur remarkably even though the scale is far far smaller with the same 626 00:15:35,410 --> 00:15:35,420 scale is far far smaller with the same 627 00:15:35,420 --> 00:15:37,240 scale is far far smaller with the same very very fine pointing in collimation 628 00:15:37,240 --> 00:15:37,250 very very fine pointing in collimation 629 00:15:37,250 --> 00:15:41,800 very very fine pointing in collimation and perhaps most remarkably of all we 630 00:15:41,800 --> 00:15:41,810 and perhaps most remarkably of all we 631 00:15:41,810 --> 00:15:43,480 and perhaps most remarkably of all we see these accretion disks these 632 00:15:43,480 --> 00:15:43,490 see these accretion disks these 633 00:15:43,490 --> 00:15:47,410 see these accretion disks these flattened pancakes of gas that expel 634 00:15:47,410 --> 00:15:47,420 flattened pancakes of gas that expel 635 00:15:47,420 --> 00:15:50,470 flattened pancakes of gas that expel these Jets now the most remarkable thing 636 00:15:50,470 --> 00:15:50,480 these Jets now the most remarkable thing 637 00:15:50,480 --> 00:15:52,990 these Jets now the most remarkable thing that I've seen thus far is this very 638 00:15:52,990 --> 00:15:53,000 that I've seen thus far is this very 639 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:54,550 that I've seen thus far is this very most recent image that Christian shows 640 00:15:54,550 --> 00:15:54,560 most recent image that Christian shows 641 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:55,689 most recent image that Christian shows maybe we could put it back up 642 00:15:55,689 --> 00:15:55,699 maybe we could put it back up 643 00:15:55,699 --> 00:16:00,269 maybe we could put it back up and if I were asked to draw on a napkin 644 00:16:00,269 --> 00:16:00,279 and if I were asked to draw on a napkin 645 00:16:00,279 --> 00:16:04,509 and if I were asked to draw on a napkin for a student a disk of gas that is 646 00:16:04,509 --> 00:16:04,519 for a student a disk of gas that is 647 00:16:04,519 --> 00:16:07,030 for a student a disk of gas that is falling on to something and some jets 648 00:16:07,030 --> 00:16:07,040 falling on to something and some jets 649 00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:09,159 falling on to something and some jets that were then expelled out this is 650 00:16:09,159 --> 00:16:09,169 that were then expelled out this is 651 00:16:09,169 --> 00:16:10,869 that were then expelled out this is exactly the drawing that I would make 652 00:16:10,869 --> 00:16:10,879 exactly the drawing that I would make 653 00:16:10,879 --> 00:16:13,239 exactly the drawing that I would make but this is not a drawing this is a 654 00:16:13,239 --> 00:16:13,249 but this is not a drawing this is a 655 00:16:13,249 --> 00:16:15,579 but this is not a drawing this is a picture this is an image obtained by the 656 00:16:15,579 --> 00:16:15,589 picture this is an image obtained by the 657 00:16:15,589 --> 00:16:17,409 picture this is an image obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope of an accretion 658 00:16:17,409 --> 00:16:17,419 Hubble Space Telescope of an accretion 659 00:16:17,419 --> 00:16:19,869 Hubble Space Telescope of an accretion disk accretion is a fundamental property 660 00:16:19,869 --> 00:16:19,879 disk accretion is a fundamental property 661 00:16:19,879 --> 00:16:22,449 disk accretion is a fundamental property in astronomy the water can't fall right 662 00:16:22,449 --> 00:16:22,459 in astronomy the water can't fall right 663 00:16:22,459 --> 00:16:24,789 in astronomy the water can't fall right down the bathtub drain the water has to 664 00:16:24,789 --> 00:16:24,799 down the bathtub drain the water has to 665 00:16:24,799 --> 00:16:26,650 down the bathtub drain the water has to swirl around first no matter what the 666 00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:26,660 swirl around first no matter what the 667 00:16:26,660 --> 00:16:29,259 swirl around first no matter what the environment in astronomy is the gas 668 00:16:29,259 --> 00:16:29,269 environment in astronomy is the gas 669 00:16:29,269 --> 00:16:31,059 environment in astronomy is the gas can't fall right on to something that's 670 00:16:31,059 --> 00:16:31,069 can't fall right on to something that's 671 00:16:31,069 --> 00:16:33,189 can't fall right on to something that's to swirl around for us to shed its spin 672 00:16:33,189 --> 00:16:33,199 to swirl around for us to shed its spin 673 00:16:33,199 --> 00:16:35,199 to swirl around for us to shed its spin times to shut its angular momentum so 674 00:16:35,199 --> 00:16:35,209 times to shut its angular momentum so 675 00:16:35,209 --> 00:16:36,970 times to shut its angular momentum so everyone is always said these disks must 676 00:16:36,970 --> 00:16:36,980 everyone is always said these disks must 677 00:16:36,980 --> 00:16:38,499 everyone is always said these disks must form and you draw this little cartoon 678 00:16:38,499 --> 00:16:38,509 form and you draw this little cartoon 679 00:16:38,509 --> 00:16:40,929 form and you draw this little cartoon but here we actually have an image of it 680 00:16:40,929 --> 00:16:40,939 but here we actually have an image of it 681 00:16:40,939 --> 00:16:42,999 but here we actually have an image of it this is really in my mind the picture 682 00:16:42,999 --> 00:16:43,009 this is really in my mind the picture 683 00:16:43,009 --> 00:16:44,590 this is really in my mind the picture that's worth a thousand words because 684 00:16:44,590 --> 00:16:44,600 that's worth a thousand words because 685 00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:46,900 that's worth a thousand words because this object is close enough that we can 686 00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:46,910 this object is close enough that we can 687 00:16:46,910 --> 00:16:48,819 this object is close enough that we can actually photograph this accretion disk 688 00:16:48,819 --> 00:16:48,829 actually photograph this accretion disk 689 00:16:48,829 --> 00:16:51,129 actually photograph this accretion disk did we not see a year or two ago from 690 00:16:51,129 --> 00:16:51,139 did we not see a year or two ago from 691 00:16:51,139 --> 00:16:54,639 did we not see a year or two ago from Hubble and this very program some dark 692 00:16:54,639 --> 00:16:54,649 Hubble and this very program some dark 693 00:16:54,649 --> 00:16:58,030 Hubble and this very program some dark disk in the galaxy NGC 4261 or there 694 00:16:58,030 --> 00:16:58,040 disk in the galaxy NGC 4261 or there 695 00:16:58,040 --> 00:16:59,590 disk in the galaxy NGC 4261 or there have been when object or another there 696 00:16:59,590 --> 00:16:59,600 have been when object or another there 697 00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:01,629 have been when object or another there have been previous Hubble images of 698 00:17:01,629 --> 00:17:01,639 have been previous Hubble images of 699 00:17:01,639 --> 00:17:04,419 have been previous Hubble images of active galaxies like NGC 4261 and 700 00:17:04,419 --> 00:17:04,429 active galaxies like NGC 4261 and 701 00:17:04,429 --> 00:17:06,610 active galaxies like NGC 4261 and another one is Messier 87 where the 702 00:17:06,610 --> 00:17:06,620 another one is Messier 87 where the 703 00:17:06,620 --> 00:17:10,289 another one is Messier 87 where the image shows a large donate donut shape 704 00:17:10,289 --> 00:17:10,299 image shows a large donate donut shape 705 00:17:10,299 --> 00:17:13,990 image shows a large donate donut shape structure of gas and dust but those are 706 00:17:13,990 --> 00:17:14,000 structure of gas and dust but those are 707 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,879 structure of gas and dust but those are not accretion disks those are sort of 708 00:17:15,879 --> 00:17:15,889 not accretion disks those are sort of 709 00:17:15,889 --> 00:17:19,480 not accretion disks those are sort of the reservoirs of gas on a much larger 710 00:17:19,480 --> 00:17:19,490 the reservoirs of gas on a much larger 711 00:17:19,490 --> 00:17:22,419 the reservoirs of gas on a much larger spatial scale waiting their turn to fall 712 00:17:22,419 --> 00:17:22,429 spatial scale waiting their turn to fall 713 00:17:22,429 --> 00:17:24,970 spatial scale waiting their turn to fall in and in those external galaxies the 714 00:17:24,970 --> 00:17:24,980 in and in those external galaxies the 715 00:17:24,980 --> 00:17:27,309 in and in those external galaxies the actual accretion disk is much much too 716 00:17:27,309 --> 00:17:27,319 actual accretion disk is much much too 717 00:17:27,319 --> 00:17:30,519 actual accretion disk is much much too small to be seen because as both Chris 718 00:17:30,519 --> 00:17:30,529 small to be seen because as both Chris 719 00:17:30,529 --> 00:17:31,779 small to be seen because as both Chris and Jeff have indicated we're talking 720 00:17:31,779 --> 00:17:31,789 and Jeff have indicated we're talking 721 00:17:31,789 --> 00:17:32,919 and Jeff have indicated we're talking about structures about the size of our 722 00:17:32,919 --> 00:17:32,929 about structures about the size of our 723 00:17:32,929 --> 00:17:35,769 about structures about the size of our solar system here this object is close 724 00:17:35,769 --> 00:17:35,779 solar system here this object is close 725 00:17:35,779 --> 00:17:38,529 solar system here this object is close enough and Hubble's angular resolution 726 00:17:38,529 --> 00:17:38,539 enough and Hubble's angular resolution 727 00:17:38,539 --> 00:17:40,990 enough and Hubble's angular resolution ability to take sharp images is fine 728 00:17:40,990 --> 00:17:41,000 ability to take sharp images is fine 729 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,450 ability to take sharp images is fine enough that we can actually see the 730 00:17:43,450 --> 00:17:43,460 enough that we can actually see the 731 00:17:43,460 --> 00:17:46,779 enough that we can actually see the pancake itself not the worst 830 picture 732 00:17:46,779 --> 00:17:46,789 pancake itself not the worst 830 picture 733 00:17:46,789 --> 00:17:48,610 pancake itself not the worst 830 picture is the first real picture of an 734 00:17:48,610 --> 00:17:48,620 is the first real picture of an 735 00:17:48,620 --> 00:17:50,590 is the first real picture of an accretion is certainly the first one of 736 00:17:50,590 --> 00:17:50,600 accretion is certainly the first one of 737 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:52,269 accretion is certainly the first one of which I'm aware and so on the one hand 738 00:17:52,269 --> 00:17:52,279 which I'm aware and so on the one hand 739 00:17:52,279 --> 00:17:54,279 which I'm aware and so on the one hand everyone has always predicted this but 740 00:17:54,279 --> 00:17:54,289 everyone has always predicted this but 741 00:17:54,289 --> 00:17:55,750 everyone has always predicted this but on the other hand to actually be able to 742 00:17:55,750 --> 00:17:55,760 on the other hand to actually be able to 743 00:17:55,760 --> 00:17:57,730 on the other hand to actually be able to see it and have it come out so simply 744 00:17:57,730 --> 00:17:57,740 see it and have it come out so simply 745 00:17:57,740 --> 00:18:00,789 see it and have it come out so simply and such hey an imitation of the cartoon 746 00:18:00,789 --> 00:18:00,799 and such hey an imitation of the cartoon 747 00:18:00,799 --> 00:18:02,230 and such hey an imitation of the cartoon that you would draw to me is really 748 00:18:02,230 --> 00:18:02,240 that you would draw to me is really 749 00:18:02,240 --> 00:18:04,720 that you would draw to me is really remarkable right well I think we've got 750 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:04,730 remarkable right well I think we've got 751 00:18:04,730 --> 00:18:07,029 remarkable right well I think we've got to go back to Chris burrows and find out 752 00:18:07,029 --> 00:18:07,039 to go back to Chris burrows and find out 753 00:18:07,039 --> 00:18:08,889 to go back to Chris burrows and find out some more tell us tell us more about 754 00:18:08,889 --> 00:18:08,899 some more tell us tell us more about 755 00:18:08,899 --> 00:18:09,420 some more tell us tell us more about what 756 00:18:09,420 --> 00:18:09,430 what 757 00:18:09,430 --> 00:18:11,580 what design and the center of these stars 758 00:18:11,580 --> 00:18:11,590 design and the center of these stars 759 00:18:11,590 --> 00:18:15,750 design and the center of these stars information well the these images 760 00:18:15,750 --> 00:18:15,760 information well the these images 761 00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:18,710 information well the these images actually were were first captured in 762 00:18:18,710 --> 00:18:18,720 actually were were first captured in 763 00:18:18,720 --> 00:18:22,560 actually were were first captured in January of a fabulet last year and we 764 00:18:22,560 --> 00:18:22,570 January of a fabulet last year and we 765 00:18:22,570 --> 00:18:24,270 January of a fabulet last year and we were so excited to see this object but 766 00:18:24,270 --> 00:18:24,280 were so excited to see this object but 767 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:25,800 were so excited to see this object but we had to come back to it with Hubble 768 00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:25,810 we had to come back to it with Hubble 769 00:18:25,810 --> 00:18:27,240 we had to come back to it with Hubble and get a second image so one thing I'm 770 00:18:27,240 --> 00:18:27,250 and get a second image so one thing I'm 771 00:18:27,250 --> 00:18:31,050 and get a second image so one thing I'm going to show you is is an image this is 772 00:18:31,050 --> 00:18:31,060 going to show you is is an image this is 773 00:18:31,060 --> 00:18:32,340 going to show you is is an image this is actually the second image we've taken 774 00:18:32,340 --> 00:18:32,350 actually the second image we've taken 775 00:18:32,350 --> 00:18:34,710 actually the second image we've taken and it's another version of the image 776 00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:34,720 and it's another version of the image 777 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:36,630 and it's another version of the image you just saw just displayed in a 778 00:18:36,630 --> 00:18:36,640 you just saw just displayed in a 779 00:18:36,640 --> 00:18:38,850 you just saw just displayed in a different way and you can clearly see 780 00:18:38,850 --> 00:18:38,860 different way and you can clearly see 781 00:18:38,860 --> 00:18:40,890 different way and you can clearly see here these knots of material coming out 782 00:18:40,890 --> 00:18:40,900 here these knots of material coming out 783 00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:43,500 here these knots of material coming out from the star in the jet and again each 784 00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:43,510 from the star in the jet and again each 785 00:18:43,510 --> 00:18:45,270 from the star in the jet and again each pixel in this image each little square 786 00:18:45,270 --> 00:18:45,280 pixel in this image each little square 787 00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:47,850 pixel in this image each little square block that you see is about 14 788 00:18:47,850 --> 00:18:47,860 block that you see is about 14 789 00:18:47,860 --> 00:18:50,340 block that you see is about 14 astronomical units across so that the 790 00:18:50,340 --> 00:18:50,350 astronomical units across so that the 791 00:18:50,350 --> 00:18:53,190 astronomical units across so that the our solar system's 80 astronomical units 792 00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:53,200 our solar system's 80 astronomical units 793 00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:54,960 our solar system's 80 astronomical units across so our solar system fits right in 794 00:18:54,960 --> 00:18:54,970 across so our solar system fits right in 795 00:18:54,970 --> 00:18:57,690 across so our solar system fits right in there so we're seeing the material that 796 00:18:57,690 --> 00:18:57,700 there so we're seeing the material that 797 00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:00,090 there so we're seeing the material that might eventually form a planetary system 798 00:19:00,090 --> 00:19:00,100 might eventually form a planetary system 799 00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:01,740 might eventually form a planetary system around this star and we're seeing the 800 00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:01,750 around this star and we're seeing the 801 00:19:01,750 --> 00:19:03,620 around this star and we're seeing the jet as it comes out from this disk 802 00:19:03,620 --> 00:19:03,630 jet as it comes out from this disk 803 00:19:03,630 --> 00:19:06,630 jet as it comes out from this disk directly for the first time and it's 804 00:19:06,630 --> 00:19:06,640 directly for the first time and it's 805 00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:08,810 directly for the first time and it's also clear I guess that the jet 806 00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:08,820 also clear I guess that the jet 807 00:19:08,820 --> 00:19:11,280 also clear I guess that the jet collimation that the thing that can find 808 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:11,290 collimation that the thing that can find 809 00:19:11,290 --> 00:19:13,740 collimation that the thing that can find the jet in this pencil beam really 810 00:19:13,740 --> 00:19:13,750 the jet in this pencil beam really 811 00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:14,850 the jet in this pencil beam really doesn't have very much to do with the 812 00:19:14,850 --> 00:19:14,860 doesn't have very much to do with the 813 00:19:14,860 --> 00:19:17,070 doesn't have very much to do with the shape of the disk as had been theorized 814 00:19:17,070 --> 00:19:17,080 shape of the disk as had been theorized 815 00:19:17,080 --> 00:19:18,270 shape of the disk as had been theorized it this has to be something that's 816 00:19:18,270 --> 00:19:18,280 it this has to be something that's 817 00:19:18,280 --> 00:19:19,770 it this has to be something that's happening much closer to the star than 818 00:19:19,770 --> 00:19:19,780 happening much closer to the star than 819 00:19:19,780 --> 00:19:22,800 happening much closer to the star than than the disc itself this is much 820 00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:22,810 than the disc itself this is much 821 00:19:22,810 --> 00:19:25,830 than the disc itself this is much narrower than the Thunder and the cavity 822 00:19:25,830 --> 00:19:25,840 narrower than the Thunder and the cavity 823 00:19:25,840 --> 00:19:27,450 narrower than the Thunder and the cavity in the disk right and the little black 824 00:19:27,450 --> 00:19:27,460 in the disk right and the little black 825 00:19:27,460 --> 00:19:30,240 in the disk right and the little black spots along the red jet are the 826 00:19:30,240 --> 00:19:30,250 spots along the red jet are the 827 00:19:30,250 --> 00:19:32,310 spots along the red jet are the individual little lumps no that was 828 00:19:32,310 --> 00:19:32,320 individual little lumps no that was 829 00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:34,080 individual little lumps no that was actually the red jet itself maybe we can 830 00:19:34,080 --> 00:19:34,090 actually the red jet itself maybe we can 831 00:19:34,090 --> 00:19:36,570 actually the red jet itself maybe we can put the image up a moment the red the 832 00:19:36,570 --> 00:19:36,580 put the image up a moment the red the 833 00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,560 put the image up a moment the red the jet the red spots you see a knot in the 834 00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:40,570 jet the red spots you see a knot in the 835 00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:42,420 jet the red spots you see a knot in the jet that are propagating away from the 836 00:19:42,420 --> 00:19:42,430 jet that are propagating away from the 837 00:19:42,430 --> 00:19:44,160 jet that are propagating away from the star and then you can see a hint here of 838 00:19:44,160 --> 00:19:44,170 star and then you can see a hint here of 839 00:19:44,170 --> 00:19:46,230 star and then you can see a hint here of the of the jet on the other side so 840 00:19:46,230 --> 00:19:46,240 the of the jet on the other side so 841 00:19:46,240 --> 00:19:47,430 the of the jet on the other side so these blobs we actually know are moving 842 00:19:47,430 --> 00:19:47,440 these blobs we actually know are moving 843 00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:49,470 these blobs we actually know are moving the other direction perhaps to visualize 844 00:19:49,470 --> 00:19:49,480 the other direction perhaps to visualize 845 00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:52,320 the other direction perhaps to visualize this in three dimensions with John 846 00:19:52,320 --> 00:19:52,330 this in three dimensions with John 847 00:19:52,330 --> 00:19:53,490 this in three dimensions with John Christie at the Space Telescope 848 00:19:53,490 --> 00:19:53,500 Christie at the Space Telescope 849 00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,310 Christie at the Space Telescope Institute Kyle snapple felt at JPL and 850 00:19:56,310 --> 00:19:56,320 Institute Kyle snapple felt at JPL and 851 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:58,620 Institute Kyle snapple felt at JPL and Alan Watson at lowell observatory I made 852 00:19:58,620 --> 00:19:58,630 Alan Watson at lowell observatory I made 853 00:19:58,630 --> 00:20:00,440 Alan Watson at lowell observatory I made a simulation which I'd like to show 854 00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:00,450 a simulation which I'd like to show 855 00:20:00,450 --> 00:20:03,570 a simulation which I'd like to show which illustrates in perhaps in three 856 00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:03,580 which illustrates in perhaps in three 857 00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:04,800 which illustrates in perhaps in three dimensions and this is a full physical 858 00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:04,810 dimensions and this is a full physical 859 00:20:04,810 --> 00:20:07,530 dimensions and this is a full physical model of what's going on what you see 860 00:20:07,530 --> 00:20:07,540 model of what's going on what you see 861 00:20:07,540 --> 00:20:09,210 model of what's going on what you see here is a rotator is the whole system 862 00:20:09,210 --> 00:20:09,220 here is a rotator is the whole system 863 00:20:09,220 --> 00:20:11,040 here is a rotator is the whole system rotating so you can see it from many 864 00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:11,050 rotating so you can see it from many 865 00:20:11,050 --> 00:20:13,650 rotating so you can see it from many different angles and this is we've been 866 00:20:13,650 --> 00:20:13,660 different angles and this is we've been 867 00:20:13,660 --> 00:20:15,270 different angles and this is we've been able to describe in three dimensions 868 00:20:15,270 --> 00:20:15,280 able to describe in three dimensions 869 00:20:15,280 --> 00:20:17,130 able to describe in three dimensions what the distribution of material in the 870 00:20:17,130 --> 00:20:17,140 what the distribution of material in the 871 00:20:17,140 --> 00:20:18,960 what the distribution of material in the disc looks like and you can see that the 872 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:18,970 disc looks like and you can see that the 873 00:20:18,970 --> 00:20:20,670 disc looks like and you can see that the model fits very nicely onto the data 874 00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:20,680 model fits very nicely onto the data 875 00:20:20,680 --> 00:20:23,190 model fits very nicely onto the data that we've got so we're understanding 876 00:20:23,190 --> 00:20:23,200 that we've got so we're understanding 877 00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:25,019 that we've got so we're understanding in detail what's happening in this in 878 00:20:25,019 --> 00:20:25,029 in detail what's happening in this in 879 00:20:25,029 --> 00:20:26,700 in detail what's happening in this in the system we're understanding you know 880 00:20:26,700 --> 00:20:26,710 the system we're understanding you know 881 00:20:26,710 --> 00:20:28,080 the system we're understanding you know what the density is a function of 882 00:20:28,080 --> 00:20:28,090 what the density is a function of 883 00:20:28,090 --> 00:20:29,879 what the density is a function of position and then that will help us to 884 00:20:29,879 --> 00:20:29,889 position and then that will help us to 885 00:20:29,889 --> 00:20:31,259 position and then that will help us to build models which will explain how 886 00:20:31,259 --> 00:20:31,269 build models which will explain how 887 00:20:31,269 --> 00:20:33,330 build models which will explain how eventually you could build planets for 888 00:20:33,330 --> 00:20:33,340 eventually you could build planets for 889 00:20:33,340 --> 00:20:37,470 eventually you could build planets for example okay well we've seen Jeff Hess 890 00:20:37,470 --> 00:20:37,480 example okay well we've seen Jeff Hess 891 00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:39,889 example okay well we've seen Jeff Hess sir we've seen a at least four different 892 00:20:39,889 --> 00:20:39,899 sir we've seen a at least four different 893 00:20:39,899 --> 00:20:43,289 sir we've seen a at least four different her big arrow objects to the uninitiated 894 00:20:43,289 --> 00:20:43,299 her big arrow objects to the uninitiated 895 00:20:43,299 --> 00:20:45,419 her big arrow objects to the uninitiated like myself they all look their friend I 896 00:20:45,419 --> 00:20:45,429 like myself they all look their friend I 897 00:20:45,429 --> 00:20:47,340 like myself they all look their friend I suspect we'll see some more before we're 898 00:20:47,340 --> 00:20:47,350 suspect we'll see some more before we're 899 00:20:47,350 --> 00:20:48,899 suspect we'll see some more before we're done today there ain't commonality in 900 00:20:48,899 --> 00:20:48,909 done today there ain't commonality in 901 00:20:48,909 --> 00:20:50,700 done today there ain't commonality in all of this is well that's that's really 902 00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:50,710 all of this is well that's that's really 903 00:20:50,710 --> 00:20:52,019 all of this is well that's that's really one of the exciting things about these 904 00:20:52,019 --> 00:20:52,029 one of the exciting things about these 905 00:20:52,029 --> 00:20:54,779 one of the exciting things about these data often in astronomy we go and look 906 00:20:54,779 --> 00:20:54,789 data often in astronomy we go and look 907 00:20:54,789 --> 00:20:56,610 data often in astronomy we go and look at this object and say wow that's wild 908 00:20:56,610 --> 00:20:56,620 at this object and say wow that's wild 909 00:20:56,620 --> 00:20:58,200 at this object and say wow that's wild and then we look at this object and say 910 00:20:58,200 --> 00:20:58,210 and then we look at this object and say 911 00:20:58,210 --> 00:21:00,720 and then we look at this object and say wow that's wild but here we're looking 912 00:21:00,720 --> 00:21:00,730 wow that's wild but here we're looking 913 00:21:00,730 --> 00:21:02,340 wow that's wild but here we're looking at a number of different objects and 914 00:21:02,340 --> 00:21:02,350 at a number of different objects and 915 00:21:02,350 --> 00:21:04,500 at a number of different objects and we're getting the same common picture 916 00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:04,510 we're getting the same common picture 917 00:21:04,510 --> 00:21:06,029 we're getting the same common picture out of all of them and tells us that 918 00:21:06,029 --> 00:21:06,039 out of all of them and tells us that 919 00:21:06,039 --> 00:21:07,680 out of all of them and tells us that we're really seeing not special 920 00:21:07,680 --> 00:21:07,690 we're really seeing not special 921 00:21:07,690 --> 00:21:09,870 we're really seeing not special circumstances but really we're seeing a 922 00:21:09,870 --> 00:21:09,880 circumstances but really we're seeing a 923 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:12,990 circumstances but really we're seeing a picture of how it is that stars form as 924 00:21:12,990 --> 00:21:13,000 picture of how it is that stars form as 925 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:14,820 picture of how it is that stars form as a way of seeing that Chris was just 926 00:21:14,820 --> 00:21:14,830 a way of seeing that Chris was just 927 00:21:14,830 --> 00:21:16,889 a way of seeing that Chris was just showing you a model of what's going on 928 00:21:16,889 --> 00:21:16,899 showing you a model of what's going on 929 00:21:16,899 --> 00:21:19,169 showing you a model of what's going on in HH 30 with the disc and such as that 930 00:21:19,169 --> 00:21:19,179 in HH 30 with the disc and such as that 931 00:21:19,179 --> 00:21:21,090 in HH 30 with the disc and such as that and if we could have the next graphic 932 00:21:21,090 --> 00:21:21,100 and if we could have the next graphic 933 00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:25,320 and if we could have the next graphic here this is exactly the same model the 934 00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:25,330 here this is exactly the same model the 935 00:21:25,330 --> 00:21:28,200 here this is exactly the same model the Chris was showing you for HH 30 except 936 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:28,210 Chris was showing you for HH 30 except 937 00:21:28,210 --> 00:21:30,149 Chris was showing you for HH 30 except this model has been turned on in the 938 00:21:30,149 --> 00:21:30,159 this model has been turned on in the 939 00:21:30,159 --> 00:21:32,159 this model has been turned on in the little bit and so if you look at this 940 00:21:32,159 --> 00:21:32,169 little bit and so if you look at this 941 00:21:32,169 --> 00:21:35,669 little bit and so if you look at this model what you see now is you see the 942 00:21:35,669 --> 00:21:35,679 model what you see now is you see the 943 00:21:35,679 --> 00:21:38,519 model what you see now is you see the jet coming out away from the start very 944 00:21:38,519 --> 00:21:38,529 jet coming out away from the start very 945 00:21:38,529 --> 00:21:40,649 jet coming out away from the start very narrow at the end you then see what 946 00:21:40,649 --> 00:21:40,659 narrow at the end you then see what 947 00:21:40,659 --> 00:21:42,950 narrow at the end you then see what appears to be kind of a conical 948 00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:42,960 appears to be kind of a conical 949 00:21:42,960 --> 00:21:45,509 appears to be kind of a conical reflection nebula here that's the top of 950 00:21:45,509 --> 00:21:45,519 reflection nebula here that's the top of 951 00:21:45,519 --> 00:21:47,669 reflection nebula here that's the top of the disk and then you don't see the jet 952 00:21:47,669 --> 00:21:47,679 the disk and then you don't see the jet 953 00:21:47,679 --> 00:21:49,379 the disk and then you don't see the jet on the other side because on the other 954 00:21:49,379 --> 00:21:49,389 on the other side because on the other 955 00:21:49,389 --> 00:21:52,070 on the other side because on the other side the jet is in fact hiding behind 956 00:21:52,070 --> 00:21:52,080 side the jet is in fact hiding behind 957 00:21:52,080 --> 00:21:55,470 side the jet is in fact hiding behind the material on the disk when we look at 958 00:21:55,470 --> 00:21:55,480 the material on the disk when we look at 959 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:57,960 the material on the disk when we look at HH 34 which was the same object that we 960 00:21:57,960 --> 00:21:57,970 HH 34 which was the same object that we 961 00:21:57,970 --> 00:22:00,990 HH 34 which was the same object that we looked at before we see a picture that 962 00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:01,000 looked at before we see a picture that 963 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,539 looked at before we see a picture that looks very much like this model we can 964 00:22:03,539 --> 00:22:03,549 looks very much like this model we can 965 00:22:03,549 --> 00:22:07,080 looks very much like this model we can have that graphic please in HH 34 keep 966 00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:07,090 have that graphic please in HH 34 keep 967 00:22:07,090 --> 00:22:08,879 have that graphic please in HH 34 keep the model that you just saw in mind and 968 00:22:08,879 --> 00:22:08,889 the model that you just saw in mind and 969 00:22:08,889 --> 00:22:11,220 the model that you just saw in mind and look at what we have here down at one 970 00:22:11,220 --> 00:22:11,230 look at what we have here down at one 971 00:22:11,230 --> 00:22:13,649 look at what we have here down at one end the star itself is at this location 972 00:22:13,649 --> 00:22:13,659 end the star itself is at this location 973 00:22:13,659 --> 00:22:17,190 end the star itself is at this location and we see kind of a conical reflection 974 00:22:17,190 --> 00:22:17,200 and we see kind of a conical reflection 975 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:19,590 and we see kind of a conical reflection nebula which is exactly what we saw in 976 00:22:19,590 --> 00:22:19,600 nebula which is exactly what we saw in 977 00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:21,600 nebula which is exactly what we saw in that model of HH 30 when we turned it on 978 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:21,610 that model of HH 30 when we turned it on 979 00:22:21,610 --> 00:22:24,690 that model of HH 30 when we turned it on end we then see the jet coming out again 980 00:22:24,690 --> 00:22:24,700 end we then see the jet coming out again 981 00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:27,240 end we then see the jet coming out again very very thin right down at the tip and 982 00:22:27,240 --> 00:22:27,250 very very thin right down at the tip and 983 00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:29,430 very very thin right down at the tip and expanding somewhat as it moves out 984 00:22:29,430 --> 00:22:29,440 expanding somewhat as it moves out 985 00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:31,769 expanding somewhat as it moves out through interstellar space again just as 986 00:22:31,769 --> 00:22:31,779 through interstellar space again just as 987 00:22:31,779 --> 00:22:34,529 through interstellar space again just as we saw in the model of HH 30 and finally 988 00:22:34,529 --> 00:22:34,539 we saw in the model of HH 30 and finally 989 00:22:34,539 --> 00:22:36,419 we saw in the model of HH 30 and finally we see the difference between this model 990 00:22:36,419 --> 00:22:36,429 we see the difference between this model 991 00:22:36,429 --> 00:22:36,840 we see the difference between this model in nature 992 00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:36,850 in nature 993 00:22:36,850 --> 00:22:39,420 in nature 30 is that there is no jet here on the 994 00:22:39,420 --> 00:22:39,430 30 is that there is no jet here on the 995 00:22:39,430 --> 00:22:41,970 30 is that there is no jet here on the other side it's actually there it's just 996 00:22:41,970 --> 00:22:41,980 other side it's actually there it's just 997 00:22:41,980 --> 00:22:44,010 other side it's actually there it's just that we can't see it because it's hiding 998 00:22:44,010 --> 00:22:44,020 that we can't see it because it's hiding 999 00:22:44,020 --> 00:22:46,560 that we can't see it because it's hiding behind that very dense disk from which 1000 00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:46,570 behind that very dense disk from which 1001 00:22:46,570 --> 00:22:49,500 behind that very dense disk from which the star itself is forming while this 1002 00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:49,510 the star itself is forming while this 1003 00:22:49,510 --> 00:22:50,970 the star itself is forming while this picture is up the other thing that I'll 1004 00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:50,980 picture is up the other thing that I'll 1005 00:22:50,980 --> 00:22:52,710 picture is up the other thing that I'll talk about that's common between these 1006 00:22:52,710 --> 00:22:52,720 talk about that's common between these 1007 00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:54,480 talk about that's common between these observations is the picture that we're 1008 00:22:54,480 --> 00:22:54,490 observations is the picture that we're 1009 00:22:54,490 --> 00:22:56,790 observations is the picture that we're getting of these knots again I mentioned 1010 00:22:56,790 --> 00:22:56,800 getting of these knots again I mentioned 1011 00:22:56,800 --> 00:22:58,920 getting of these knots again I mentioned in my opening comments that many 1012 00:22:58,920 --> 00:22:58,930 in my opening comments that many 1013 00:22:58,930 --> 00:23:00,750 in my opening comments that many astronomers thought for a long time that 1014 00:23:00,750 --> 00:23:00,760 astronomers thought for a long time that 1015 00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:03,960 astronomers thought for a long time that just a smooth flow of material was 1016 00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:03,970 just a smooth flow of material was 1017 00:23:03,970 --> 00:23:06,270 just a smooth flow of material was coming out from the star and that the 1018 00:23:06,270 --> 00:23:06,280 coming out from the star and that the 1019 00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:08,400 coming out from the star and that the knots that they saw from the ground were 1020 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:08,410 knots that they saw from the ground were 1021 00:23:08,410 --> 00:23:09,990 knots that they saw from the ground were things that were kind of happening 1022 00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:10,000 things that were kind of happening 1023 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,720 things that were kind of happening inside that smooth flow of material here 1024 00:23:12,720 --> 00:23:12,730 inside that smooth flow of material here 1025 00:23:12,730 --> 00:23:15,450 inside that smooth flow of material here though we clearly see for example here a 1026 00:23:15,450 --> 00:23:15,460 though we clearly see for example here a 1027 00:23:15,460 --> 00:23:18,270 though we clearly see for example here a clump with its own little bow wave or 1028 00:23:18,270 --> 00:23:18,280 clump with its own little bow wave or 1029 00:23:18,280 --> 00:23:20,700 clump with its own little bow wave or hear a clump with its own little bow 1030 00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:20,710 hear a clump with its own little bow 1031 00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:23,700 hear a clump with its own little bow wave and if you look at all of the jets 1032 00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:23,710 wave and if you look at all of the jets 1033 00:23:23,710 --> 00:23:25,410 wave and if you look at all of the jets that we see today you get that same 1034 00:23:25,410 --> 00:23:25,420 that we see today you get that same 1035 00:23:25,420 --> 00:23:28,650 that we see today you get that same basic picture that these are bursts that 1036 00:23:28,650 --> 00:23:28,660 basic picture that these are bursts that 1037 00:23:28,660 --> 00:23:30,900 basic picture that these are bursts that are happening that the star does 1038 00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:30,910 are happening that the star does 1039 00:23:30,910 --> 00:23:33,720 are happening that the star does something and it spits out material and 1040 00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:33,730 something and it spits out material and 1041 00:23:33,730 --> 00:23:35,970 something and it spits out material and so these bursts are not talking is 1042 00:23:35,970 --> 00:23:35,980 so these bursts are not talking is 1043 00:23:35,980 --> 00:23:37,890 so these bursts are not talking is telling us something about you know some 1044 00:23:37,890 --> 00:23:37,900 telling us something about you know some 1045 00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:40,140 telling us something about you know some esoteric piece of gas dynamics that 1046 00:23:40,140 --> 00:23:40,150 esoteric piece of gas dynamics that 1047 00:23:40,150 --> 00:23:42,450 esoteric piece of gas dynamics that happens as Jets travel through 1048 00:23:42,450 --> 00:23:42,460 happens as Jets travel through 1049 00:23:42,460 --> 00:23:44,910 happens as Jets travel through interstellar space instead it's telling 1050 00:23:44,910 --> 00:23:44,920 interstellar space instead it's telling 1051 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:47,670 interstellar space instead it's telling us that stars when they form for reasons 1052 00:23:47,670 --> 00:23:47,680 us that stars when they form for reasons 1053 00:23:47,680 --> 00:23:49,320 us that stars when they form for reasons that are not entirely clear to us yet 1054 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:49,330 that are not entirely clear to us yet 1055 00:23:49,330 --> 00:23:52,410 that are not entirely clear to us yet stars when they form from the very inner 1056 00:23:52,410 --> 00:23:52,420 stars when they form from the very inner 1057 00:23:52,420 --> 00:23:54,300 stars when they form from the very inner most part of that disc in the star 1058 00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:54,310 most part of that disc in the star 1059 00:23:54,310 --> 00:23:58,110 most part of that disc in the star itself are episodic they do something 1060 00:23:58,110 --> 00:23:58,120 itself are episodic they do something 1061 00:23:58,120 --> 00:24:00,450 itself are episodic they do something for a while and then they go burst and 1062 00:24:00,450 --> 00:24:00,460 for a while and then they go burst and 1063 00:24:00,460 --> 00:24:02,190 for a while and then they go burst and they send out a burst of material and 1064 00:24:02,190 --> 00:24:02,200 they send out a burst of material and 1065 00:24:02,200 --> 00:24:04,200 they send out a burst of material and understanding the physics of why that 1066 00:24:04,200 --> 00:24:04,210 understanding the physics of why that 1067 00:24:04,210 --> 00:24:05,910 understanding the physics of why that happens is going to be something that 1068 00:24:05,910 --> 00:24:05,920 happens is going to be something that 1069 00:24:05,920 --> 00:24:07,920 happens is going to be something that any successful model of star formation 1070 00:24:07,920 --> 00:24:07,930 any successful model of star formation 1071 00:24:07,930 --> 00:24:09,600 any successful model of star formation is going to have to come to grips with 1072 00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:09,610 is going to have to come to grips with 1073 00:24:09,610 --> 00:24:13,920 is going to have to come to grips with okay now thanks Jeff talking about these 1074 00:24:13,920 --> 00:24:13,930 okay now thanks Jeff talking about these 1075 00:24:13,930 --> 00:24:15,900 okay now thanks Jeff talking about these moving knots I think Chris burrows you 1076 00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:15,910 moving knots I think Chris burrows you 1077 00:24:15,910 --> 00:24:18,450 moving knots I think Chris burrows you have couple images that blink them for 1078 00:24:18,450 --> 00:24:18,460 have couple images that blink them for 1079 00:24:18,460 --> 00:24:20,430 have couple images that blink them for us right well I was how you measured 1080 00:24:20,430 --> 00:24:20,440 us right well I was how you measured 1081 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:22,260 us right well I was how you measured their motion yeah I actually mentioned 1082 00:24:22,260 --> 00:24:22,270 their motion yeah I actually mentioned 1083 00:24:22,270 --> 00:24:24,240 their motion yeah I actually mentioned we saw this intriguing object laughs 1084 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:24,250 we saw this intriguing object laughs 1085 00:24:24,250 --> 00:24:26,340 we saw this intriguing object laughs februari and we were determined to come 1086 00:24:26,340 --> 00:24:26,350 februari and we were determined to come 1087 00:24:26,350 --> 00:24:28,440 februari and we were determined to come back and take a second look so the first 1088 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:28,450 back and take a second look so the first 1089 00:24:28,450 --> 00:24:30,090 back and take a second look so the first look that we got actually is on the 1090 00:24:30,090 --> 00:24:30,100 look that we got actually is on the 1091 00:24:30,100 --> 00:24:33,030 look that we got actually is on the screen now and we could take a look at 1092 00:24:33,030 --> 00:24:33,040 screen now and we could take a look at 1093 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:35,310 screen now and we could take a look at it what you see here these arrows are 1094 00:24:35,310 --> 00:24:35,320 it what you see here these arrows are 1095 00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:37,230 it what you see here these arrows are pointing to some knots in the jet that 1096 00:24:37,230 --> 00:24:37,240 pointing to some knots in the jet that 1097 00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:39,690 pointing to some knots in the jet that we saw this was in January of 90 in 1098 00:24:39,690 --> 00:24:39,700 we saw this was in January of 90 in 1099 00:24:39,700 --> 00:24:43,440 we saw this was in January of 90 in February of 94 and then we took another 1100 00:24:43,440 --> 00:24:43,450 February of 94 and then we took another 1101 00:24:43,450 --> 00:24:45,390 February of 94 and then we took another image in January this year and this is 1102 00:24:45,390 --> 00:24:45,400 image in January this year and this is 1103 00:24:45,400 --> 00:24:47,610 image in January this year and this is the image that we saw then and you can 1104 00:24:47,610 --> 00:24:47,620 the image that we saw then and you can 1105 00:24:47,620 --> 00:24:49,480 the image that we saw then and you can see that the knots have moved 1106 00:24:49,480 --> 00:24:49,490 see that the knots have moved 1107 00:24:49,490 --> 00:24:51,070 see that the knots have moved in fact if you blink backwards and 1108 00:24:51,070 --> 00:24:51,080 in fact if you blink backwards and 1109 00:24:51,080 --> 00:24:53,410 in fact if you blink backwards and forwards between these two images you 1110 00:24:53,410 --> 00:24:53,420 forwards between these two images you 1111 00:24:53,420 --> 00:24:55,419 forwards between these two images you can see the knots are moving and because 1112 00:24:55,419 --> 00:24:55,429 can see the knots are moving and because 1113 00:24:55,429 --> 00:24:58,330 can see the knots are moving and because we know how long ago that far apart in 1114 00:24:58,330 --> 00:24:58,340 we know how long ago that far apart in 1115 00:24:58,340 --> 00:25:00,460 we know how long ago that far apart in time the images were taken and how far 1116 00:25:00,460 --> 00:25:00,470 time the images were taken and how far 1117 00:25:00,470 --> 00:25:02,470 time the images were taken and how far away this object is we can compute how 1118 00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:02,480 away this object is we can compute how 1119 00:25:02,480 --> 00:25:05,320 away this object is we can compute how fast the jet is moving it turns out for 1120 00:25:05,320 --> 00:25:05,330 fast the jet is moving it turns out for 1121 00:25:05,330 --> 00:25:07,419 fast the jet is moving it turns out for example that the top job not there which 1122 00:25:07,419 --> 00:25:07,429 example that the top job not there which 1123 00:25:07,429 --> 00:25:10,090 example that the top job not there which is the one moving fastest is moving at 1124 00:25:10,090 --> 00:25:10,100 is the one moving fastest is moving at 1125 00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:13,090 is the one moving fastest is moving at something like 300 miles a second which 1126 00:25:13,090 --> 00:25:13,100 something like 300 miles a second which 1127 00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:15,280 something like 300 miles a second which is if you like a thousandth of the speed 1128 00:25:15,280 --> 00:25:15,290 is if you like a thousandth of the speed 1129 00:25:15,290 --> 00:25:17,169 is if you like a thousandth of the speed of light so these are very energetic 1130 00:25:17,169 --> 00:25:17,179 of light so these are very energetic 1131 00:25:17,179 --> 00:25:18,520 of light so these are very energetic outflows that we're seeing which is why 1132 00:25:18,520 --> 00:25:18,530 outflows that we're seeing which is why 1133 00:25:18,530 --> 00:25:20,049 outflows that we're seeing which is why they're able to propagate for hundreds 1134 00:25:20,049 --> 00:25:20,059 they're able to propagate for hundreds 1135 00:25:20,059 --> 00:25:24,520 they're able to propagate for hundreds of billions of miles so now it's not a 1136 00:25:24,520 --> 00:25:24,530 of billions of miles so now it's not a 1137 00:25:24,530 --> 00:25:27,430 of billions of miles so now it's not a matter of some kind of indirect esoteric 1138 00:25:27,430 --> 00:25:27,440 matter of some kind of indirect esoteric 1139 00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:30,190 matter of some kind of indirect esoteric a guess and how quickly these blobs are 1140 00:25:30,190 --> 00:25:30,200 a guess and how quickly these blobs are 1141 00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:31,690 a guess and how quickly these blobs are coasting out you're actually just 1142 00:25:31,690 --> 00:25:31,700 coasting out you're actually just 1143 00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:33,310 coasting out you're actually just watching the motion from month to month 1144 00:25:33,310 --> 00:25:33,320 watching the motion from month to month 1145 00:25:33,320 --> 00:25:34,930 watching the motion from month to month a month and measuring it directly is 1146 00:25:34,930 --> 00:25:34,940 a month and measuring it directly is 1147 00:25:34,940 --> 00:25:36,580 a month and measuring it directly is that right that that's right although 1148 00:25:36,580 --> 00:25:36,590 that right that that's right although 1149 00:25:36,590 --> 00:25:38,380 that right that that's right although we've been able to do this on the ground 1150 00:25:38,380 --> 00:25:38,390 we've been able to do this on the ground 1151 00:25:38,390 --> 00:25:39,910 we've been able to do this on the ground but it's always taken years and years 1152 00:25:39,910 --> 00:25:39,920 but it's always taken years and years 1153 00:25:39,920 --> 00:25:41,620 but it's always taken years and years before you'd have to look so that you 1154 00:25:41,620 --> 00:25:41,630 before you'd have to look so that you 1155 00:25:41,630 --> 00:25:43,180 before you'd have to look so that you could detect this motion from the ground 1156 00:25:43,180 --> 00:25:43,190 could detect this motion from the ground 1157 00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:45,190 could detect this motion from the ground and that may take five or ten years now 1158 00:25:45,190 --> 00:25:45,200 and that may take five or ten years now 1159 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:46,750 and that may take five or ten years now we're able to just measure it directly 1160 00:25:46,750 --> 00:25:46,760 we're able to just measure it directly 1161 00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:48,940 we're able to just measure it directly in the space of 12 months and that means 1162 00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:48,950 in the space of 12 months and that means 1163 00:25:48,950 --> 00:25:50,620 in the space of 12 months and that means that we can follow individual block 1164 00:25:50,620 --> 00:25:50,630 that we can follow individual block 1165 00:25:50,630 --> 00:25:52,690 that we can follow individual block blobs through the you know through the 1166 00:25:52,690 --> 00:25:52,700 blobs through the you know through the 1167 00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:54,669 blobs through the you know through the the kinks in the Jets and see how they 1168 00:25:54,669 --> 00:25:54,679 the kinks in the Jets and see how they 1169 00:25:54,679 --> 00:25:57,190 the kinks in the Jets and see how they behave during those during those changes 1170 00:25:57,190 --> 00:25:57,200 behave during those during those changes 1171 00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:58,870 behave during those during those changes in direction one of the one of the 1172 00:25:58,870 --> 00:25:58,880 in direction one of the one of the 1173 00:25:58,880 --> 00:26:00,850 in direction one of the one of the mysteries which was Jeff may come back 1174 00:26:00,850 --> 00:26:00,860 mysteries which was Jeff may come back 1175 00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:03,190 mysteries which was Jeff may come back to is why there are these kinks in the 1176 00:26:03,190 --> 00:26:03,200 to is why there are these kinks in the 1177 00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:05,140 to is why there are these kinks in the Jets what's causing them now we'll be 1178 00:26:05,140 --> 00:26:05,150 Jets what's causing them now we'll be 1179 00:26:05,150 --> 00:26:06,940 Jets what's causing them now we'll be able to literally take a video of the of 1180 00:26:06,940 --> 00:26:06,950 able to literally take a video of the of 1181 00:26:06,950 --> 00:26:08,680 able to literally take a video of the of these knots as they go through the kinks 1182 00:26:08,680 --> 00:26:08,690 these knots as they go through the kinks 1183 00:26:08,690 --> 00:26:10,630 these knots as they go through the kinks and understand better whether the knots 1184 00:26:10,630 --> 00:26:10,640 and understand better whether the knots 1185 00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:11,770 and understand better whether the knots always keep going in the same direction 1186 00:26:11,770 --> 00:26:11,780 always keep going in the same direction 1187 00:26:11,780 --> 00:26:14,110 always keep going in the same direction or whether they deviate and follow along 1188 00:26:14,110 --> 00:26:14,120 or whether they deviate and follow along 1189 00:26:14,120 --> 00:26:15,820 or whether they deviate and follow along the jet as it bends through space and 1190 00:26:15,820 --> 00:26:15,830 the jet as it bends through space and 1191 00:26:15,830 --> 00:26:17,200 the jet as it bends through space and what would this why hasn't this been 1192 00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:17,210 what would this why hasn't this been 1193 00:26:17,210 --> 00:26:18,790 what would this why hasn't this been done before what would this image look 1194 00:26:18,790 --> 00:26:18,800 done before what would this image look 1195 00:26:18,800 --> 00:26:20,110 done before what would this image look like if you took it from a ground-based 1196 00:26:20,110 --> 00:26:20,120 like if you took it from a ground-based 1197 00:26:20,120 --> 00:26:21,820 like if you took it from a ground-based telescope well from the ground you 1198 00:26:21,820 --> 00:26:21,830 telescope well from the ground you 1199 00:26:21,830 --> 00:26:25,360 telescope well from the ground you simply the central the central disc that 1200 00:26:25,360 --> 00:26:25,370 simply the central the central disc that 1201 00:26:25,370 --> 00:26:26,830 simply the central the central disc that you're seeing this yellow and the in the 1202 00:26:26,830 --> 00:26:26,840 you're seeing this yellow and the in the 1203 00:26:26,840 --> 00:26:30,310 you're seeing this yellow and the in the image would be would be unresolved you'd 1204 00:26:30,310 --> 00:26:30,320 image would be would be unresolved you'd 1205 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:32,290 image would be would be unresolved you'd see a fuzzy blob but you wouldn't be 1206 00:26:32,290 --> 00:26:32,300 see a fuzzy blob but you wouldn't be 1207 00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:34,060 see a fuzzy blob but you wouldn't be able to tell that it wasn't just a point 1208 00:26:34,060 --> 00:26:34,070 able to tell that it wasn't just a point 1209 00:26:34,070 --> 00:26:36,940 able to tell that it wasn't just a point star and in the knots here remember this 1210 00:26:36,940 --> 00:26:36,950 star and in the knots here remember this 1211 00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:39,850 star and in the knots here remember this is the closest example the knots here 1212 00:26:39,850 --> 00:26:39,860 is the closest example the knots here 1213 00:26:39,860 --> 00:26:41,320 is the closest example the knots here from the ground will be very difficult 1214 00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:41,330 from the ground will be very difficult 1215 00:26:41,330 --> 00:26:42,970 from the ground will be very difficult to resolve there are only a few tenths 1216 00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:42,980 to resolve there are only a few tenths 1217 00:26:42,980 --> 00:26:44,650 to resolve there are only a few tenths of an arcsecond department so the whole 1218 00:26:44,650 --> 00:26:44,660 of an arcsecond department so the whole 1219 00:26:44,660 --> 00:26:45,940 of an arcsecond department so the whole thing what Billy just look like one 1220 00:26:45,940 --> 00:26:45,950 thing what Billy just look like one 1221 00:26:45,950 --> 00:26:47,650 thing what Billy just look like one fuzzy mushroom right you'd see that 1222 00:26:47,650 --> 00:26:47,660 fuzzy mushroom right you'd see that 1223 00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:48,850 fuzzy mushroom right you'd see that there was a jet there but you wouldn't 1224 00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:48,860 there was a jet there but you wouldn't 1225 00:26:48,860 --> 00:26:50,320 there was a jet there but you wouldn't be able to resolve easily the individual 1226 00:26:50,320 --> 00:26:50,330 be able to resolve easily the individual 1227 00:26:50,330 --> 00:26:51,640 be able to resolve easily the individual components and unfortunate that the 1228 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:51,650 components and unfortunate that the 1229 00:26:51,650 --> 00:26:53,520 components and unfortunate that the nearest one has just the ideal 1230 00:26:53,520 --> 00:26:53,530 nearest one has just the ideal 1231 00:26:53,530 --> 00:26:55,990 nearest one has just the ideal orientation to our view that it's in 1232 00:26:55,990 --> 00:26:56,000 orientation to our view that it's in 1233 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,120 orientation to our view that it's in profile we learnt there are a number of 1234 00:26:58,120 --> 00:26:58,130 profile we learnt there are a number of 1235 00:26:58,130 --> 00:26:59,830 profile we learnt there are a number of stars in this star forming region we've 1236 00:26:59,830 --> 00:26:59,840 stars in this star forming region we've 1237 00:26:59,840 --> 00:27:01,750 stars in this star forming region we've looked at this is easily the best 1238 00:27:01,750 --> 00:27:01,760 looked at this is easily the best 1239 00:27:01,760 --> 00:27:03,020 looked at this is easily the best example I see 1240 00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:03,030 example I see 1241 00:27:03,030 --> 00:27:04,910 example I see okay I think we want to look into the 1242 00:27:04,910 --> 00:27:04,920 okay I think we want to look into the 1243 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:07,790 okay I think we want to look into the physics a little and ask Jeff fester and 1244 00:27:07,790 --> 00:27:07,800 physics a little and ask Jeff fester and 1245 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:10,070 physics a little and ask Jeff fester and John Morse you know what do you think 1246 00:27:10,070 --> 00:27:10,080 John Morse you know what do you think 1247 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:11,630 John Morse you know what do you think makes these things come out at 1248 00:27:11,630 --> 00:27:11,640 makes these things come out at 1249 00:27:11,640 --> 00:27:14,330 makes these things come out at methodically and and if you want to get 1250 00:27:14,330 --> 00:27:14,340 methodically and and if you want to get 1251 00:27:14,340 --> 00:27:15,920 methodically and and if you want to get into the kinks tell us about that too 1252 00:27:15,920 --> 00:27:15,930 into the kinks tell us about that too 1253 00:27:15,930 --> 00:27:17,720 into the kinks tell us about that too well the the physics is the right word 1254 00:27:17,720 --> 00:27:17,730 well the the physics is the right word 1255 00:27:17,730 --> 00:27:19,970 well the the physics is the right word the you know one of the very most 1256 00:27:19,970 --> 00:27:19,980 the you know one of the very most 1257 00:27:19,980 --> 00:27:22,130 the you know one of the very most exciting things about this is that we're 1258 00:27:22,130 --> 00:27:22,140 exciting things about this is that we're 1259 00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:24,740 exciting things about this is that we're finally getting a close enough look at 1260 00:27:24,740 --> 00:27:24,750 finally getting a close enough look at 1261 00:27:24,750 --> 00:27:27,020 finally getting a close enough look at what's going on that we can start doing 1262 00:27:27,020 --> 00:27:27,030 what's going on that we can start doing 1263 00:27:27,030 --> 00:27:29,300 what's going on that we can start doing some physics for some years people have 1264 00:27:29,300 --> 00:27:29,310 some physics for some years people have 1265 00:27:29,310 --> 00:27:32,030 some physics for some years people have been calculating models using computers 1266 00:27:32,030 --> 00:27:32,040 been calculating models using computers 1267 00:27:32,040 --> 00:27:33,950 been calculating models using computers to do simulations of what should be 1268 00:27:33,950 --> 00:27:33,960 to do simulations of what should be 1269 00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:37,310 to do simulations of what should be happening in these Jets and they've been 1270 00:27:37,310 --> 00:27:37,320 happening in these Jets and they've been 1271 00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:38,990 happening in these Jets and they've been calculating these models and we all go 1272 00:27:38,990 --> 00:27:39,000 calculating these models and we all go 1273 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:40,370 calculating these models and we all go off to meetings and look at them and say 1274 00:27:40,370 --> 00:27:40,380 off to meetings and look at them and say 1275 00:27:40,380 --> 00:27:42,230 off to meetings and look at them and say oh that's very pretty but then we've 1276 00:27:42,230 --> 00:27:42,240 oh that's very pretty but then we've 1277 00:27:42,240 --> 00:27:43,820 oh that's very pretty but then we've been turning through our data and our 1278 00:27:43,820 --> 00:27:43,830 been turning through our data and our 1279 00:27:43,830 --> 00:27:46,010 been turning through our data and our data been of such a quality that we just 1280 00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:46,020 data been of such a quality that we just 1281 00:27:46,020 --> 00:27:48,770 data been of such a quality that we just couldn't do a real comparison between 1282 00:27:48,770 --> 00:27:48,780 couldn't do a real comparison between 1283 00:27:48,780 --> 00:27:50,420 couldn't do a real comparison between what we were seeing in the models in 1284 00:27:50,420 --> 00:27:50,430 what we were seeing in the models in 1285 00:27:50,430 --> 00:27:52,520 what we were seeing in the models in between what we were seeing in the real 1286 00:27:52,520 --> 00:27:52,530 between what we were seeing in the real 1287 00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:54,140 between what we were seeing in the real universe have more detailed in the 1288 00:27:54,140 --> 00:27:54,150 universe have more detailed in the 1289 00:27:54,150 --> 00:27:55,910 universe have more detailed in the picture Jerry had more details in the 1290 00:27:55,910 --> 00:27:55,920 picture Jerry had more details in the 1291 00:27:55,920 --> 00:27:57,920 picture Jerry had more details in the pictures the exciting thing here is that 1292 00:27:57,920 --> 00:27:57,930 pictures the exciting thing here is that 1293 00:27:57,930 --> 00:27:59,960 pictures the exciting thing here is that we're finally actually able to see the 1294 00:27:59,960 --> 00:27:59,970 we're finally actually able to see the 1295 00:27:59,970 --> 00:28:02,360 we're finally actually able to see the real objects well enough to start doing 1296 00:28:02,360 --> 00:28:02,370 real objects well enough to start doing 1297 00:28:02,370 --> 00:28:05,450 real objects well enough to start doing that comparison we have a simulation 1298 00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:05,460 that comparison we have a simulation 1299 00:28:05,460 --> 00:28:07,010 that comparison we have a simulation here in fact this is a simulation that 1300 00:28:07,010 --> 00:28:07,020 here in fact this is a simulation that 1301 00:28:07,020 --> 00:28:09,920 here in fact this is a simulation that was carried out by a gemstone is at the 1302 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:09,930 was carried out by a gemstone is at the 1303 00:28:09,930 --> 00:28:12,290 was carried out by a gemstone is at the University of Maryland and what he did 1304 00:28:12,290 --> 00:28:12,300 University of Maryland and what he did 1305 00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:16,250 University of Maryland and what he did is calculate what happens when a jet a 1306 00:28:16,250 --> 00:28:16,260 is calculate what happens when a jet a 1307 00:28:16,260 --> 00:28:18,470 is calculate what happens when a jet a pulse jet consisting of lots of little 1308 00:28:18,470 --> 00:28:18,480 pulse jet consisting of lots of little 1309 00:28:18,480 --> 00:28:20,930 pulse jet consisting of lots of little bursts comes flying out into the 1310 00:28:20,930 --> 00:28:20,940 bursts comes flying out into the 1311 00:28:20,940 --> 00:28:23,450 bursts comes flying out into the surrounding interstellar gas and what 1312 00:28:23,450 --> 00:28:23,460 surrounding interstellar gas and what 1313 00:28:23,460 --> 00:28:25,580 surrounding interstellar gas and what you see here these individual if I could 1314 00:28:25,580 --> 00:28:25,590 you see here these individual if I could 1315 00:28:25,590 --> 00:28:26,870 you see here these individual if I could have a cursor on please a little 1316 00:28:26,870 --> 00:28:26,880 have a cursor on please a little 1317 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:28,970 have a cursor on please a little motorboat the little motor boats exactly 1318 00:28:28,970 --> 00:28:28,980 motorboat the little motor boats exactly 1319 00:28:28,980 --> 00:28:31,460 motorboat the little motor boats exactly these individual knots are the pulses 1320 00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:31,470 these individual knots are the pulses 1321 00:28:31,470 --> 00:28:33,890 these individual knots are the pulses that are coming out from the source and 1322 00:28:33,890 --> 00:28:33,900 that are coming out from the source and 1323 00:28:33,900 --> 00:28:36,500 that are coming out from the source and you see that as they move along each one 1324 00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:36,510 you see that as they move along each one 1325 00:28:36,510 --> 00:28:39,200 you see that as they move along each one has its own little bow wave just like a 1326 00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:39,210 has its own little bow wave just like a 1327 00:28:39,210 --> 00:28:41,510 has its own little bow wave just like a motor boat has its little bow wave which 1328 00:28:41,510 --> 00:28:41,520 motor boat has its little bow wave which 1329 00:28:41,520 --> 00:28:43,040 motor boat has its little bow wave which is exactly the kind of structure that 1330 00:28:43,040 --> 00:28:43,050 is exactly the kind of structure that 1331 00:28:43,050 --> 00:28:44,840 is exactly the kind of structure that we're seeing when we're looking at these 1332 00:28:44,840 --> 00:28:44,850 we're seeing when we're looking at these 1333 00:28:44,850 --> 00:28:47,210 we're seeing when we're looking at these jets and so all you have to do it was 1334 00:28:47,210 --> 00:28:47,220 jets and so all you have to do it was 1335 00:28:47,220 --> 00:28:48,830 jets and so all you have to do it was when we got these data it was really 1336 00:28:48,830 --> 00:28:48,840 when we got these data it was really 1337 00:28:48,840 --> 00:28:50,750 when we got these data it was really exciting because we had seen these 1338 00:28:50,750 --> 00:28:50,760 exciting because we had seen these 1339 00:28:50,760 --> 00:28:53,110 exciting because we had seen these models for the past several years and 1340 00:28:53,110 --> 00:28:53,120 models for the past several years and 1341 00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:55,400 models for the past several years and when you first looked at the hubble 1342 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:55,410 when you first looked at the hubble 1343 00:28:55,410 --> 00:28:57,350 when you first looked at the hubble space telescope images of these jets it 1344 00:28:57,350 --> 00:28:57,360 space telescope images of these jets it 1345 00:28:57,360 --> 00:28:59,390 space telescope images of these jets it was like saying WOW I've seen that 1346 00:28:59,390 --> 00:28:59,400 was like saying WOW I've seen that 1347 00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,490 was like saying WOW I've seen that picture before except it wasn't a 1348 00:29:01,490 --> 00:29:01,500 picture before except it wasn't a 1349 00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:03,170 picture before except it wasn't a picture of something in space really 1350 00:29:03,170 --> 00:29:03,180 picture of something in space really 1351 00:29:03,180 --> 00:29:04,820 picture of something in space really instead it was a picture of somebody's 1352 00:29:04,820 --> 00:29:04,830 instead it was a picture of somebody's 1353 00:29:04,830 --> 00:29:06,650 instead it was a picture of somebody's calculation of what should be in space 1354 00:29:06,650 --> 00:29:06,660 calculation of what should be in space 1355 00:29:06,660 --> 00:29:08,360 calculation of what should be in space and that's the kind of thing that when 1356 00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:08,370 and that's the kind of thing that when 1357 00:29:08,370 --> 00:29:10,040 and that's the kind of thing that when it happens for an astronomer it's really 1358 00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:10,050 it happens for an astronomer it's really 1359 00:29:10,050 --> 00:29:12,440 it happens for an astronomer it's really very very exciting because it tells you 1360 00:29:12,440 --> 00:29:12,450 very very exciting because it tells you 1361 00:29:12,450 --> 00:29:13,910 very very exciting because it tells you just almost instantly that there's 1362 00:29:13,910 --> 00:29:13,920 just almost instantly that there's 1363 00:29:13,920 --> 00:29:16,040 just almost instantly that there's something that now you understand that 1364 00:29:16,040 --> 00:29:16,050 something that now you understand that 1365 00:29:16,050 --> 00:29:18,500 something that now you understand that or you didn't another piece of that 1366 00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:18,510 or you didn't another piece of that 1367 00:29:18,510 --> 00:29:20,330 or you didn't another piece of that model that you just saw was the 1368 00:29:20,330 --> 00:29:20,340 model that you just saw was the 1369 00:29:20,340 --> 00:29:23,110 model that you just saw was the individual blobs of gas coming along and 1370 00:29:23,110 --> 00:29:23,120 individual blobs of gas coming along and 1371 00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:26,360 individual blobs of gas coming along and running into the bow wave at the end so 1372 00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:26,370 running into the bow wave at the end so 1373 00:29:26,370 --> 00:29:28,070 running into the bow wave at the end so this material was coming along and one 1374 00:29:28,070 --> 00:29:28,080 this material was coming along and one 1375 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:29,900 this material was coming along and one not hit smack and then the next not 1376 00:29:29,900 --> 00:29:29,910 not hit smack and then the next not 1377 00:29:29,910 --> 00:29:32,270 not hit smack and then the next not caught up with it and smack over and 1378 00:29:32,270 --> 00:29:32,280 caught up with it and smack over and 1379 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:34,370 caught up with it and smack over and over again well when you look at another 1380 00:29:34,370 --> 00:29:34,380 over again well when you look at another 1381 00:29:34,380 --> 00:29:37,430 over again well when you look at another object this is a HH one if I could have 1382 00:29:37,430 --> 00:29:37,440 object this is a HH one if I could have 1383 00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:39,650 object this is a HH one if I could have the next graphic please another very 1384 00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:39,660 the next graphic please another very 1385 00:29:39,660 --> 00:29:42,710 the next graphic please another very exciting thing was that we saw exactly 1386 00:29:42,710 --> 00:29:42,720 exciting thing was that we saw exactly 1387 00:29:42,720 --> 00:29:45,020 exciting thing was that we saw exactly the same phenomena there this is another 1388 00:29:45,020 --> 00:29:45,030 the same phenomena there this is another 1389 00:29:45,030 --> 00:29:46,610 the same phenomena there this is another Hubble Space toss this is another Hubble 1390 00:29:46,610 --> 00:29:46,620 Hubble Space toss this is another Hubble 1391 00:29:46,620 --> 00:29:48,350 Hubble Space toss this is another Hubble Space Telescope image this is in fact a 1392 00:29:48,350 --> 00:29:48,360 Space Telescope image this is in fact a 1393 00:29:48,360 --> 00:29:49,700 Space Telescope image this is in fact a blow-up of the first Hubble Space 1394 00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:49,710 blow-up of the first Hubble Space 1395 00:29:49,710 --> 00:29:52,430 blow-up of the first Hubble Space Telescope image that I showed you and if 1396 00:29:52,430 --> 00:29:52,440 Telescope image that I showed you and if 1397 00:29:52,440 --> 00:29:53,960 Telescope image that I showed you and if I could have the graphic in the and the 1398 00:29:53,960 --> 00:29:53,970 I could have the graphic in the and the 1399 00:29:53,970 --> 00:29:55,880 I could have the graphic in the and the cursor again please what you're seeing 1400 00:29:55,880 --> 00:29:55,890 cursor again please what you're seeing 1401 00:29:55,890 --> 00:29:59,030 cursor again please what you're seeing here is the jet is coming in from this 1402 00:29:59,030 --> 00:29:59,040 here is the jet is coming in from this 1403 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:02,000 here is the jet is coming in from this direction and it's smacking into the 1404 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:02,010 direction and it's smacking into the 1405 00:30:02,010 --> 00:30:04,520 direction and it's smacking into the interstellar gas right here and so these 1406 00:30:04,520 --> 00:30:04,530 interstellar gas right here and so these 1407 00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,890 interstellar gas right here and so these individual pulses are coming in over and 1408 00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:06,900 individual pulses are coming in over and 1409 00:30:06,900 --> 00:30:10,130 individual pulses are coming in over and over again wham wham wham and what we 1410 00:30:10,130 --> 00:30:10,140 over again wham wham wham and what we 1411 00:30:10,140 --> 00:30:12,230 over again wham wham wham and what we saw here that was really fascinating is 1412 00:30:12,230 --> 00:30:12,240 saw here that was really fascinating is 1413 00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,560 saw here that was really fascinating is that right up here at the very front of 1414 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:15,570 that right up here at the very front of 1415 00:30:15,570 --> 00:30:18,140 that right up here at the very front of this is the bow wave of one of those 1416 00:30:18,140 --> 00:30:18,150 this is the bow wave of one of those 1417 00:30:18,150 --> 00:30:21,380 this is the bow wave of one of those pulses and then immediately behind it 1418 00:30:21,380 --> 00:30:21,390 pulses and then immediately behind it 1419 00:30:21,390 --> 00:30:24,710 pulses and then immediately behind it coming right up on its wake is the bow 1420 00:30:24,710 --> 00:30:24,720 coming right up on its wake is the bow 1421 00:30:24,720 --> 00:30:26,750 coming right up on its wake is the bow wave of another one of those pulses and 1422 00:30:26,750 --> 00:30:26,760 wave of another one of those pulses and 1423 00:30:26,760 --> 00:30:28,940 wave of another one of those pulses and so not only are we getting to see the 1424 00:30:28,940 --> 00:30:28,950 so not only are we getting to see the 1425 00:30:28,950 --> 00:30:31,240 so not only are we getting to see the detailed physics of the jet itself and 1426 00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:31,250 detailed physics of the jet itself and 1427 00:30:31,250 --> 00:30:33,740 detailed physics of the jet itself and speculate about what that jet tells us 1428 00:30:33,740 --> 00:30:33,750 speculate about what that jet tells us 1429 00:30:33,750 --> 00:30:35,540 speculate about what that jet tells us about the star and the star formation 1430 00:30:35,540 --> 00:30:35,550 about the star and the star formation 1431 00:30:35,550 --> 00:30:37,400 about the star and the star formation we're also getting to look at the other 1432 00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:37,410 we're also getting to look at the other 1433 00:30:37,410 --> 00:30:39,230 we're also getting to look at the other end of it and seeing the effects of 1434 00:30:39,230 --> 00:30:39,240 end of it and seeing the effects of 1435 00:30:39,240 --> 00:30:41,450 end of it and seeing the effects of these individual pulses coming in and 1436 00:30:41,450 --> 00:30:41,460 these individual pulses coming in and 1437 00:30:41,460 --> 00:30:43,550 these individual pulses coming in and one after the other running into the 1438 00:30:43,550 --> 00:30:43,560 one after the other running into the 1439 00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:45,260 one after the other running into the clouds of interstellar gas that's around 1440 00:30:45,260 --> 00:30:45,270 clouds of interstellar gas that's around 1441 00:30:45,270 --> 00:30:47,990 clouds of interstellar gas that's around this object so it's really very exciting 1442 00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:48,000 this object so it's really very exciting 1443 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:50,180 this object so it's really very exciting stuff John Morris what what causes those 1444 00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:50,190 stuff John Morris what what causes those 1445 00:30:50,190 --> 00:30:54,980 stuff John Morris what what causes those pulses well I wouldn't know but there 1446 00:30:54,980 --> 00:30:54,990 pulses well I wouldn't know but there 1447 00:30:54,990 --> 00:30:58,010 pulses well I wouldn't know but there are people who might have an idea out 1448 00:30:58,010 --> 00:30:58,020 are people who might have an idea out 1449 00:30:58,020 --> 00:31:03,590 are people who might have an idea out there determining that a the jet comes 1450 00:31:03,590 --> 00:31:03,600 there determining that a the jet comes 1451 00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:05,780 there determining that a the jet comes from a very narrow region close to the 1452 00:31:05,780 --> 00:31:05,790 from a very narrow region close to the 1453 00:31:05,790 --> 00:31:07,820 from a very narrow region close to the star is a huge result in these 1454 00:31:07,820 --> 00:31:07,830 star is a huge result in these 1455 00:31:07,830 --> 00:31:10,520 star is a huge result in these observations secondly determining that 1456 00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:10,530 observations secondly determining that 1457 00:31:10,530 --> 00:31:14,230 observations secondly determining that the jet is intrinsically pulsed is 1458 00:31:14,230 --> 00:31:14,240 the jet is intrinsically pulsed is 1459 00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:17,510 the jet is intrinsically pulsed is another huge result it means that wild 1460 00:31:17,510 --> 00:31:17,520 another huge result it means that wild 1461 00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:19,790 another huge result it means that wild matter is what falling down in the star 1462 00:31:19,790 --> 00:31:19,800 matter is what falling down in the star 1463 00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:23,360 matter is what falling down in the star there's some sort of episodic phenomenon 1464 00:31:23,360 --> 00:31:23,370 there's some sort of episodic phenomenon 1465 00:31:23,370 --> 00:31:24,200 there's some sort of episodic phenomenon occurring 1466 00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:24,210 occurring 1467 00:31:24,210 --> 00:31:28,670 occurring now what that phenomenon is is open to 1468 00:31:28,670 --> 00:31:28,680 now what that phenomenon is is open to 1469 00:31:28,680 --> 00:31:32,870 now what that phenomenon is is open to debate there are objects such as dwarf 1470 00:31:32,870 --> 00:31:32,880 debate there are objects such as dwarf 1471 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:35,720 debate there are objects such as dwarf novae which people know our binary 1472 00:31:35,720 --> 00:31:35,730 novae which people know our binary 1473 00:31:35,730 --> 00:31:38,030 novae which people know our binary systems which involve accretion disks 1474 00:31:38,030 --> 00:31:38,040 systems which involve accretion disks 1475 00:31:38,040 --> 00:31:43,490 systems which involve accretion disks onto a white dwarf and these objects 1476 00:31:43,490 --> 00:31:43,500 onto a white dwarf and these objects 1477 00:31:43,500 --> 00:31:45,940 onto a white dwarf and these objects which have accretion disk around them 1478 00:31:45,940 --> 00:31:45,950 which have accretion disk around them 1479 00:31:45,950 --> 00:31:49,430 which have accretion disk around them actually go through unstable periods and 1480 00:31:49,430 --> 00:31:49,440 actually go through unstable periods and 1481 00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:51,770 actually go through unstable periods and they have outburst and so matter might 1482 00:31:51,770 --> 00:31:51,780 they have outburst and so matter might 1483 00:31:51,780 --> 00:31:53,960 they have outburst and so matter might build up and then it would release and 1484 00:31:53,960 --> 00:31:53,970 build up and then it would release and 1485 00:31:53,970 --> 00:31:55,760 build up and then it would release and then for a time the matter would build 1486 00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:55,770 then for a time the matter would build 1487 00:31:55,770 --> 00:31:58,070 then for a time the matter would build up again and release again so you might 1488 00:31:58,070 --> 00:31:58,080 up again and release again so you might 1489 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:03,230 up again and release again so you might get episodic ejections or outbursts with 1490 00:32:03,230 --> 00:32:03,240 get episodic ejections or outbursts with 1491 00:32:03,240 --> 00:32:06,860 get episodic ejections or outbursts with a disk phenomenon now the other 1492 00:32:06,860 --> 00:32:06,870 a disk phenomenon now the other 1493 00:32:06,870 --> 00:32:09,410 a disk phenomenon now the other interesting analogy with that object is 1494 00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:09,420 interesting analogy with that object is 1495 00:32:09,420 --> 00:32:11,810 interesting analogy with that object is that those objects don't always have the 1496 00:32:11,810 --> 00:32:11,820 that those objects don't always have the 1497 00:32:11,820 --> 00:32:14,270 that those objects don't always have the same size outbursts sometimes the 1498 00:32:14,270 --> 00:32:14,280 same size outbursts sometimes the 1499 00:32:14,280 --> 00:32:16,490 same size outbursts sometimes the outbursts are big sometimes the 1500 00:32:16,490 --> 00:32:16,500 outbursts are big sometimes the 1501 00:32:16,500 --> 00:32:18,080 outbursts are big sometimes the outbursts are small and we do see 1502 00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:18,090 outbursts are small and we do see 1503 00:32:18,090 --> 00:32:20,210 outbursts are small and we do see evidence for that in these stellar Jets 1504 00:32:20,210 --> 00:32:20,220 evidence for that in these stellar Jets 1505 00:32:20,220 --> 00:32:21,680 evidence for that in these stellar Jets that there are different sizes of 1506 00:32:21,680 --> 00:32:21,690 that there are different sizes of 1507 00:32:21,690 --> 00:32:24,470 that there are different sizes of outbursts perhaps we might debate that a 1508 00:32:24,470 --> 00:32:24,480 outbursts perhaps we might debate that a 1509 00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:28,810 outbursts perhaps we might debate that a little bit but that's what I think 1510 00:32:28,810 --> 00:32:28,820 1511 00:32:28,820 --> 00:32:31,760 another phenomenon we see is that all of 1512 00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:31,770 another phenomenon we see is that all of 1513 00:32:31,770 --> 00:32:34,220 another phenomenon we see is that all of the Jets that we've imaged although 1514 00:32:34,220 --> 00:32:34,230 the Jets that we've imaged although 1515 00:32:34,230 --> 00:32:36,800 the Jets that we've imaged although they're straight and narrow which and 1516 00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:36,810 they're straight and narrow which and 1517 00:32:36,810 --> 00:32:38,960 they're straight and narrow which and how narrow they are is quite remarkable 1518 00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:38,970 how narrow they are is quite remarkable 1519 00:32:38,970 --> 00:32:42,320 how narrow they are is quite remarkable all of the Jets show signs or some sort 1520 00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:42,330 all of the Jets show signs or some sort 1521 00:32:42,330 --> 00:32:44,540 all of the Jets show signs or some sort of wiggling motion that they don't go 1522 00:32:44,540 --> 00:32:44,550 of wiggling motion that they don't go 1523 00:32:44,550 --> 00:32:46,340 of wiggling motion that they don't go perfectly straight they tend to bend 1524 00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:46,350 perfectly straight they tend to bend 1525 00:32:46,350 --> 00:32:48,800 perfectly straight they tend to bend around a little bit now if we can bring 1526 00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:48,810 around a little bit now if we can bring 1527 00:32:48,810 --> 00:32:52,940 around a little bit now if we can bring up the HH 47 HST image we could actually 1528 00:32:52,940 --> 00:32:52,950 up the HH 47 HST image we could actually 1529 00:32:52,950 --> 00:32:56,720 up the HH 47 HST image we could actually see global Telescope image that's right 1530 00:32:56,720 --> 00:32:56,730 see global Telescope image that's right 1531 00:32:56,730 --> 00:33:01,640 see global Telescope image that's right the wiggling in this particular jet is 1532 00:33:01,640 --> 00:33:01,650 the wiggling in this particular jet is 1533 00:33:01,650 --> 00:33:04,070 the wiggling in this particular jet is more exaggerated than the other ones we 1534 00:33:04,070 --> 00:33:04,080 more exaggerated than the other ones we 1535 00:33:04,080 --> 00:33:05,900 more exaggerated than the other ones we saw to remind you again the star is 1536 00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:05,910 saw to remind you again the star is 1537 00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:07,970 saw to remind you again the star is right here in the cloud and the jet is 1538 00:33:07,970 --> 00:33:07,980 right here in the cloud and the jet is 1539 00:33:07,980 --> 00:33:12,320 right here in the cloud and the jet is moving off to the upper left there's a 1540 00:33:12,320 --> 00:33:12,330 moving off to the upper left there's a 1541 00:33:12,330 --> 00:33:16,190 moving off to the upper left there's a wiggle here another one over here it's 1542 00:33:16,190 --> 00:33:16,200 wiggle here another one over here it's 1543 00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,890 wiggle here another one over here it's hard to say whether the jet actually 1544 00:33:18,890 --> 00:33:18,900 hard to say whether the jet actually 1545 00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:20,870 hard to say whether the jet actually bounces back and forth here or whether 1546 00:33:20,870 --> 00:33:20,880 bounces back and forth here or whether 1547 00:33:20,880 --> 00:33:22,820 bounces back and forth here or whether we're just seeing emission on the 1548 00:33:22,820 --> 00:33:22,830 we're just seeing emission on the 1549 00:33:22,830 --> 00:33:25,730 we're just seeing emission on the surface of the jet which is actually 1550 00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:25,740 surface of the jet which is actually 1551 00:33:25,740 --> 00:33:28,540 surface of the jet which is actually moving along here but there are clearly 1552 00:33:28,540 --> 00:33:28,550 moving along here but there are clearly 1553 00:33:28,550 --> 00:33:31,280 moving along here but there are clearly lots of Wiggles and curves in here when 1554 00:33:31,280 --> 00:33:31,290 lots of Wiggles and curves in here when 1555 00:33:31,290 --> 00:33:34,010 lots of Wiggles and curves in here when people look at this image the first 1556 00:33:34,010 --> 00:33:34,020 people look at this image the first 1557 00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:35,630 people look at this image the first thing they think of is like a corkscrew 1558 00:33:35,630 --> 00:33:35,640 thing they think of is like a corkscrew 1559 00:33:35,640 --> 00:33:37,850 thing they think of is like a corkscrew it looks like the jet may actually 1560 00:33:37,850 --> 00:33:37,860 it looks like the jet may actually 1561 00:33:37,860 --> 00:33:40,400 it looks like the jet may actually spirally the gas are there and we know 1562 00:33:40,400 --> 00:33:40,410 spirally the gas are there and we know 1563 00:33:40,410 --> 00:33:42,669 spirally the gas are there and we know that's definitely not what's occurring 1564 00:33:42,669 --> 00:33:42,679 that's definitely not what's occurring 1565 00:33:42,679 --> 00:33:47,180 that's definitely not what's occurring so this jet goes fast down the middle 1566 00:33:47,180 --> 00:33:47,190 so this jet goes fast down the middle 1567 00:33:47,190 --> 00:33:51,980 so this jet goes fast down the middle and slow at the edges and we have curb 1568 00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:51,990 and slow at the edges and we have curb 1569 00:33:51,990 --> 00:33:57,130 and slow at the edges and we have curb shock waves in the middle of the jet 1570 00:33:57,130 --> 00:33:57,140 1571 00:33:57,140 --> 00:33:59,600 well John couldn't it be what's going on 1572 00:33:59,600 --> 00:33:59,610 well John couldn't it be what's going on 1573 00:33:59,610 --> 00:34:01,850 well John couldn't it be what's going on is that the nozzle that's ejecting the 1574 00:34:01,850 --> 00:34:01,860 is that the nozzle that's ejecting the 1575 00:34:01,860 --> 00:34:04,460 is that the nozzle that's ejecting the jet is itself undergoing these gyrations 1576 00:34:04,460 --> 00:34:04,470 jet is itself undergoing these gyrations 1577 00:34:04,470 --> 00:34:08,149 jet is itself undergoing these gyrations it's it's possible and immediately when 1578 00:34:08,149 --> 00:34:08,159 it's it's possible and immediately when 1579 00:34:08,159 --> 00:34:10,129 it's it's possible and immediately when you think of precession or some sort of 1580 00:34:10,129 --> 00:34:10,139 you think of precession or some sort of 1581 00:34:10,139 --> 00:34:12,859 you think of precession or some sort of motion of the source you have to bring 1582 00:34:12,859 --> 00:34:12,869 motion of the source you have to bring 1583 00:34:12,869 --> 00:34:15,139 motion of the source you have to bring in a component especially when the axis 1584 00:34:15,139 --> 00:34:15,149 in a component especially when the axis 1585 00:34:15,149 --> 00:34:18,260 in a component especially when the axis wobbles around you have to bring in 1586 00:34:18,260 --> 00:34:18,270 wobbles around you have to bring in 1587 00:34:18,270 --> 00:34:21,800 wobbles around you have to bring in another another star into the picture it 1588 00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:21,810 another another star into the picture it 1589 00:34:21,810 --> 00:34:23,510 another another star into the picture it is known that many of the sources of 1590 00:34:23,510 --> 00:34:23,520 is known that many of the sources of 1591 00:34:23,520 --> 00:34:27,649 is known that many of the sources of these Jets are in fact binaries but 1592 00:34:27,649 --> 00:34:27,659 these Jets are in fact binaries but 1593 00:34:27,659 --> 00:34:30,109 these Jets are in fact binaries but whether all of them are is open to 1594 00:34:30,109 --> 00:34:30,119 whether all of them are is open to 1595 00:34:30,119 --> 00:34:32,090 whether all of them are is open to question yet one of the one of the 1596 00:34:32,090 --> 00:34:32,100 question yet one of the one of the 1597 00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:34,580 question yet one of the one of the exciting things as we've been getting 1598 00:34:34,580 --> 00:34:34,590 exciting things as we've been getting 1599 00:34:34,590 --> 00:34:36,290 exciting things as we've been getting ready for this presentation in the last 1600 00:34:36,290 --> 00:34:36,300 ready for this presentation in the last 1601 00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:37,490 ready for this presentation in the last couple of days and we've been arguing 1602 00:34:37,490 --> 00:34:37,500 couple of days and we've been arguing 1603 00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:39,590 couple of days and we've been arguing among ourselves what it means they're 1604 00:34:39,590 --> 00:34:39,600 among ourselves what it means they're 1605 00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:41,930 among ourselves what it means they're all manner of models that you can come 1606 00:34:41,930 --> 00:34:41,940 all manner of models that you can come 1607 00:34:41,940 --> 00:34:44,419 all manner of models that you can come up with unless one or two okay you look 1608 00:34:44,419 --> 00:34:44,429 up with unless one or two okay you look 1609 00:34:44,429 --> 00:34:45,859 up with unless one or two okay you look for example if you look at the time 1610 00:34:45,859 --> 00:34:45,869 for example if you look at the time 1611 00:34:45,869 --> 00:34:47,810 for example if you look at the time scales for these pulses they range 1612 00:34:47,810 --> 00:34:47,820 scales for these pulses they range 1613 00:34:47,820 --> 00:34:50,210 scales for these pulses they range anywhere from a few years to a few tens 1614 00:34:50,210 --> 00:34:50,220 anywhere from a few years to a few tens 1615 00:34:50,220 --> 00:34:52,520 anywhere from a few years to a few tens of years and that's the same kind of 1616 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:52,530 of years and that's the same kind of 1617 00:34:52,530 --> 00:34:54,680 of years and that's the same kind of time that it takes say for a large 1618 00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:54,690 time that it takes say for a large 1619 00:34:54,690 --> 00:34:56,629 time that it takes say for a large planet to orbit around the star or the 1620 00:34:56,629 --> 00:34:56,639 planet to orbit around the star or the 1621 00:34:56,639 --> 00:34:58,640 planet to orbit around the star or the kind of time that it takes for two stars 1622 00:34:58,640 --> 00:34:58,650 kind of time that it takes for two stars 1623 00:34:58,650 --> 00:35:00,920 kind of time that it takes for two stars to orbit around each other but it's also 1624 00:35:00,920 --> 00:35:00,930 to orbit around each other but it's also 1625 00:35:00,930 --> 00:35:03,170 to orbit around each other but it's also the kind of time that it takes say for 1626 00:35:03,170 --> 00:35:03,180 the kind of time that it takes say for 1627 00:35:03,180 --> 00:35:05,750 the kind of time that it takes say for the sun's magnetic field to change 1628 00:35:05,750 --> 00:35:05,760 the sun's magnetic field to change 1629 00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:07,640 the sun's magnetic field to change directions and we know that there's a 1630 00:35:07,640 --> 00:35:07,650 directions and we know that there's a 1631 00:35:07,650 --> 00:35:09,620 directions and we know that there's a good chance that these disks or that 1632 00:35:09,620 --> 00:35:09,630 good chance that these disks or that 1633 00:35:09,630 --> 00:35:12,230 good chance that these disks or that these disks and jets are strongly 1634 00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:12,240 these disks and jets are strongly 1635 00:35:12,240 --> 00:35:14,630 these disks and jets are strongly magnetic and that that's a major part of 1636 00:35:14,630 --> 00:35:14,640 magnetic and that that's a major part of 1637 00:35:14,640 --> 00:35:18,080 magnetic and that that's a major part of it lots of other speculation and again 1638 00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:18,090 it lots of other speculation and again 1639 00:35:18,090 --> 00:35:19,730 it lots of other speculation and again we're not giving you answers today but 1640 00:35:19,730 --> 00:35:19,740 we're not giving you answers today but 1641 00:35:19,740 --> 00:35:21,859 we're not giving you answers today but instead we're saying that there's lots 1642 00:35:21,859 --> 00:35:21,869 instead we're saying that there's lots 1643 00:35:21,869 --> 00:35:23,780 instead we're saying that there's lots of neat stuff in here and before we 1644 00:35:23,780 --> 00:35:23,790 of neat stuff in here and before we 1645 00:35:23,790 --> 00:35:25,490 of neat stuff in here and before we really say that we understand star 1646 00:35:25,490 --> 00:35:25,500 really say that we understand star 1647 00:35:25,500 --> 00:35:28,250 really say that we understand star formation we're going to have to say 1648 00:35:28,250 --> 00:35:28,260 formation we're going to have to say 1649 00:35:28,260 --> 00:35:30,050 formation we're going to have to say that we understand all these phenomena 1650 00:35:30,050 --> 00:35:30,060 that we understand all these phenomena 1651 00:35:30,060 --> 00:35:31,609 that we understand all these phenomena that we're speculating about today I'd 1652 00:35:31,609 --> 00:35:31,619 that we're speculating about today I'd 1653 00:35:31,619 --> 00:35:34,310 that we're speculating about today I'd like to interject first that actually we 1654 00:35:34,310 --> 00:35:34,320 like to interject first that actually we 1655 00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:36,950 like to interject first that actually we do not have direct evidence that the 1656 00:35:36,950 --> 00:35:36,960 do not have direct evidence that the 1657 00:35:36,960 --> 00:35:40,160 do not have direct evidence that the Jets are strongly magnetic we have in 1658 00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:40,170 Jets are strongly magnetic we have in 1659 00:35:40,170 --> 00:35:42,200 Jets are strongly magnetic we have in fact no evidence that the Jets are 1660 00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:42,210 fact no evidence that the Jets are 1661 00:35:42,210 --> 00:35:45,740 fact no evidence that the Jets are strongly magnetic we know we believe 1662 00:35:45,740 --> 00:35:45,750 strongly magnetic we know we believe 1663 00:35:45,750 --> 00:35:48,170 strongly magnetic we know we believe some work I did on my thesis I made 1664 00:35:48,170 --> 00:35:48,180 some work I did on my thesis I made 1665 00:35:48,180 --> 00:35:51,109 some work I did on my thesis I made estimates that there are at least some 1666 00:35:51,109 --> 00:35:51,119 estimates that there are at least some 1667 00:35:51,119 --> 00:35:53,660 estimates that there are at least some moderate magnetic fields far out in the 1668 00:35:53,660 --> 00:35:53,670 moderate magnetic fields far out in the 1669 00:35:53,670 --> 00:35:55,849 moderate magnetic fields far out in the Jets way far away from the star now 1670 00:35:55,849 --> 00:35:55,859 Jets way far away from the star now 1671 00:35:55,859 --> 00:35:57,290 Jets way far away from the star now those magnetic fields might be much 1672 00:35:57,290 --> 00:35:57,300 those magnetic fields might be much 1673 00:35:57,300 --> 00:35:59,930 those magnetic fields might be much larger near the star were the whole 1674 00:35:59,930 --> 00:35:59,940 larger near the star were the whole 1675 00:35:59,940 --> 00:36:02,599 larger near the star were the whole structures are compressed okay but i 1676 00:36:02,599 --> 00:36:02,609 structures are compressed okay but i 1677 00:36:02,609 --> 00:36:04,880 structures are compressed okay but i would say that proudly magnetic fields 1678 00:36:04,880 --> 00:36:04,890 would say that proudly magnetic fields 1679 00:36:04,890 --> 00:36:07,400 would say that proudly magnetic fields as far as the dynamics of the Jets don't 1680 00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:07,410 as far as the dynamics of the Jets don't 1681 00:36:07,410 --> 00:36:10,880 as far as the dynamics of the Jets don't have much to do with the real shape of 1682 00:36:10,880 --> 00:36:10,890 have much to do with the real shape of 1683 00:36:10,890 --> 00:36:12,770 have much to do with the real shape of well but there's a there's a response to 1684 00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:12,780 well but there's a there's a response to 1685 00:36:12,780 --> 00:36:14,780 well but there's a there's a response to that I'll get off pretty quickly there's 1686 00:36:14,780 --> 00:36:14,790 that I'll get off pretty quickly there's 1687 00:36:14,790 --> 00:36:16,609 that I'll get off pretty quickly there's a response to that and that is that we 1688 00:36:16,609 --> 00:36:16,619 a response to that and that is that we 1689 00:36:16,619 --> 00:36:18,200 a response to that and that is that we can see where the gas is there are two 1690 00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:18,210 can see where the gas is there are two 1691 00:36:18,210 --> 00:36:19,910 can see where the gas is there are two basic models for how these Jets are 1692 00:36:19,910 --> 00:36:19,920 basic models for how these Jets are 1693 00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:22,010 basic models for how these Jets are collimated one of those models is that 1694 00:36:22,010 --> 00:36:22,020 collimated one of those models is that 1695 00:36:22,020 --> 00:36:24,109 collimated one of those models is that there are magnetic fields that force the 1696 00:36:24,109 --> 00:36:24,119 there are magnetic fields that force the 1697 00:36:24,119 --> 00:36:26,480 there are magnetic fields that force the gas to flow along in that direction the 1698 00:36:26,480 --> 00:36:26,490 gas to flow along in that direction the 1699 00:36:26,490 --> 00:36:28,190 gas to flow along in that direction the other model is to say that there's gas 1700 00:36:28,190 --> 00:36:28,200 other model is to say that there's gas 1701 00:36:28,200 --> 00:36:30,770 other model is to say that there's gas around that contains the Jets and when 1702 00:36:30,770 --> 00:36:30,780 around that contains the Jets and when 1703 00:36:30,780 --> 00:36:32,270 around that contains the Jets and when you look at these pictures for example 1704 00:36:32,270 --> 00:36:32,280 you look at these pictures for example 1705 00:36:32,280 --> 00:36:34,940 you look at these pictures for example both the HH 34 and chris is HH 30 1706 00:36:34,940 --> 00:36:34,950 both the HH 34 and chris is HH 30 1707 00:36:34,950 --> 00:36:37,160 both the HH 34 and chris is HH 30 observations you see that there isn't 1708 00:36:37,160 --> 00:36:37,170 observations you see that there isn't 1709 00:36:37,170 --> 00:36:39,109 observations you see that there isn't gas right around the Jets like that in 1710 00:36:39,109 --> 00:36:39,119 gas right around the Jets like that in 1711 00:36:39,119 --> 00:36:40,609 gas right around the Jets like that in fact that you see things are pretty well 1712 00:36:40,609 --> 00:36:40,619 fact that you see things are pretty well 1713 00:36:40,619 --> 00:36:42,770 fact that you see things are pretty well wide open and this jet comes screaming 1714 00:36:42,770 --> 00:36:42,780 wide open and this jet comes screaming 1715 00:36:42,780 --> 00:36:44,330 wide open and this jet comes screaming right out of the middle of it and it's 1716 00:36:44,330 --> 00:36:44,340 right out of the middle of it and it's 1717 00:36:44,340 --> 00:36:45,920 right out of the middle of it and it's hard for me to imagine how you're going 1718 00:36:45,920 --> 00:36:45,930 hard for me to imagine how you're going 1719 00:36:45,930 --> 00:36:48,230 hard for me to imagine how you're going to do that without invoking some strong 1720 00:36:48,230 --> 00:36:48,240 to do that without invoking some strong 1721 00:36:48,240 --> 00:36:50,180 to do that without invoking some strong role for magnetic field well I would say 1722 00:36:50,180 --> 00:36:50,190 role for magnetic field well I would say 1723 00:36:50,190 --> 00:36:52,310 role for magnetic field well I would say the role of the magnetic fields might be 1724 00:36:52,310 --> 00:36:52,320 the role of the magnetic fields might be 1725 00:36:52,320 --> 00:36:55,870 the role of the magnetic fields might be very important by those are all right 1726 00:36:55,870 --> 00:36:55,880 very important by those are all right 1727 00:36:55,880 --> 00:36:58,820 very important by those are all right return to in another five years or so 1728 00:36:58,820 --> 00:36:58,830 return to in another five years or so 1729 00:36:58,830 --> 00:37:00,859 return to in another five years or so there's going to be a new camera on the 1730 00:37:00,859 --> 00:37:00,869 there's going to be a new camera on the 1731 00:37:00,869 --> 00:37:02,210 there's going to be a new camera on the Hubble telescope will get even better 1732 00:37:02,210 --> 00:37:02,220 Hubble telescope will get even better 1733 00:37:02,220 --> 00:37:04,070 Hubble telescope will get even better pictures and maybe we'll hear more about 1734 00:37:04,070 --> 00:37:04,080 pictures and maybe we'll hear more about 1735 00:37:04,080 --> 00:37:06,230 pictures and maybe we'll hear more about it before then but right now I want to 1736 00:37:06,230 --> 00:37:06,240 it before then but right now I want to 1737 00:37:06,240 --> 00:37:09,290 it before then but right now I want to thank all the panelists and give this 1738 00:37:09,290 --> 00:37:09,300 thank all the panelists and give this 1739 00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:12,680 thank all the panelists and give this back to our announcer Don Savage Thank 1740 00:37:12,680 --> 00:37:12,690 back to our announcer Don Savage Thank 1741 00:37:12,690 --> 00:37:15,170 back to our announcer Don Savage Thank You Steven panelists will start taking 1742 00:37:15,170 --> 00:37:15,180 You Steven panelists will start taking 1743 00:37:15,180 --> 00:37:20,050 You Steven panelists will start taking questions if we have any here at Goddard 1744 00:37:20,050 --> 00:37:20,060 1745 00:37:20,060 --> 00:37:22,970 up scheming please Kate wait for the 1746 00:37:22,970 --> 00:37:22,980 up scheming please Kate wait for the 1747 00:37:22,980 --> 00:37:26,440 up scheming please Kate wait for the microphone so we can get you picked up 1748 00:37:26,440 --> 00:37:26,450 microphone so we can get you picked up 1749 00:37:26,450 --> 00:37:29,300 microphone so we can get you picked up and a please state your name and 1750 00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:29,310 and a please state your name and 1751 00:37:29,310 --> 00:37:34,550 and a please state your name and affiliation thank you what are to the 1752 00:37:34,550 --> 00:37:34,560 affiliation thank you what are to the 1753 00:37:34,560 --> 00:37:35,900 affiliation thank you what are to the extent that it can be understood the 1754 00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:35,910 extent that it can be understood the 1755 00:37:35,910 --> 00:37:38,599 extent that it can be understood the range of masses either of the jets or of 1756 00:37:38,599 --> 00:37:38,609 range of masses either of the jets or of 1757 00:37:38,609 --> 00:37:40,460 range of masses either of the jets or of the proto stars that are forming if this 1758 00:37:40,460 --> 00:37:40,470 the proto stars that are forming if this 1759 00:37:40,470 --> 00:37:41,990 the proto stars that are forming if this is truly a common phenomenon the 1760 00:37:41,990 --> 00:37:42,000 is truly a common phenomenon the 1761 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:43,760 is truly a common phenomenon the presumably of a range of masses that 1762 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:43,770 presumably of a range of masses that 1763 00:37:43,770 --> 00:37:46,670 presumably of a range of masses that you're dealing with here yes the the 1764 00:37:46,670 --> 00:37:46,680 you're dealing with here yes the the 1765 00:37:46,680 --> 00:37:48,680 you're dealing with here yes the the protostars that we're all looking at 1766 00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:48,690 protostars that we're all looking at 1767 00:37:48,690 --> 00:37:52,250 protostars that we're all looking at probably have masses similar to those of 1768 00:37:52,250 --> 00:37:52,260 probably have masses similar to those of 1769 00:37:52,260 --> 00:37:54,700 probably have masses similar to those of our Sun or in fact may be much smaller 1770 00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:54,710 our Sun or in fact may be much smaller 1771 00:37:54,710 --> 00:37:58,070 our Sun or in fact may be much smaller these are all low mass stars as the 1772 00:37:58,070 --> 00:37:58,080 these are all low mass stars as the 1773 00:37:58,080 --> 00:37:59,500 these are all low mass stars as the range of stellar masses 1774 00:37:59,500 --> 00:37:59,510 range of stellar masses 1775 00:37:59,510 --> 00:38:06,400 range of stellar masses the masses in the Jets are yes much less 1776 00:38:06,400 --> 00:38:06,410 the masses in the Jets are yes much less 1777 00:38:06,410 --> 00:38:09,670 the masses in the Jets are yes much less but they're about 110 million of a solar 1778 00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:09,680 but they're about 110 million of a solar 1779 00:38:09,680 --> 00:38:13,180 but they're about 110 million of a solar mass lost per year in one of these Jets 1780 00:38:13,180 --> 00:38:13,190 mass lost per year in one of these Jets 1781 00:38:13,190 --> 00:38:17,110 mass lost per year in one of these Jets so in order to get an appreciable amount 1782 00:38:17,110 --> 00:38:17,120 so in order to get an appreciable amount 1783 00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:18,820 so in order to get an appreciable amount of mass loss in one of these Jets the 1784 00:38:18,820 --> 00:38:18,830 of mass loss in one of these Jets the 1785 00:38:18,830 --> 00:38:21,280 of mass loss in one of these Jets the Jets would have to be very old and like 1786 00:38:21,280 --> 00:38:21,290 Jets would have to be very old and like 1787 00:38:21,290 --> 00:38:23,020 Jets would have to be very old and like millions of years but they really aren't 1788 00:38:23,020 --> 00:38:23,030 millions of years but they really aren't 1789 00:38:23,030 --> 00:38:25,510 millions of years but they really aren't there maybe a hundred thousand years old 1790 00:38:25,510 --> 00:38:25,520 there maybe a hundred thousand years old 1791 00:38:25,520 --> 00:38:29,160 there maybe a hundred thousand years old at the most so the masses are very tiny 1792 00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:29,170 at the most so the masses are very tiny 1793 00:38:29,170 --> 00:38:32,260 at the most so the masses are very tiny now what fraction of the mass that's 1794 00:38:32,260 --> 00:38:32,270 now what fraction of the mass that's 1795 00:38:32,270 --> 00:38:35,800 now what fraction of the mass that's ejected in the jet as a fraction of how 1796 00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:35,810 ejected in the jet as a fraction of how 1797 00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:37,870 ejected in the jet as a fraction of how much is falling onto the star that still 1798 00:38:37,870 --> 00:38:37,880 much is falling onto the star that still 1799 00:38:37,880 --> 00:38:39,460 much is falling onto the star that still not real clear we know it's at least 1800 00:38:39,460 --> 00:38:39,470 not real clear we know it's at least 1801 00:38:39,470 --> 00:38:41,800 not real clear we know it's at least probably about ten percent but but maybe 1802 00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:41,810 probably about ten percent but but maybe 1803 00:38:41,810 --> 00:38:44,080 probably about ten percent but but maybe higher could be more and could explain 1804 00:38:44,080 --> 00:38:44,090 higher could be more and could explain 1805 00:38:44,090 --> 00:38:46,180 higher could be more and could explain why why you don't make much way you 1806 00:38:46,180 --> 00:38:46,190 why why you don't make much way you 1807 00:38:46,190 --> 00:38:47,710 why why you don't make much way you don't make massive stories you only make 1808 00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:47,720 don't make massive stories you only make 1809 00:38:47,720 --> 00:38:50,200 don't make massive stories you only make low mass stars this way in fact I think 1810 00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:50,210 low mass stars this way in fact I think 1811 00:38:50,210 --> 00:38:52,180 low mass stars this way in fact I think one of the most interesting things about 1812 00:38:52,180 --> 00:38:52,190 one of the most interesting things about 1813 00:38:52,190 --> 00:38:56,140 one of the most interesting things about these pictures is for years guided only 1814 00:38:56,140 --> 00:38:56,150 these pictures is for years guided only 1815 00:38:56,150 --> 00:38:58,270 these pictures is for years guided only by the extra galactic cases the flashy 1816 00:38:58,270 --> 00:38:58,280 by the extra galactic cases the flashy 1817 00:38:58,280 --> 00:38:59,890 by the extra galactic cases the flashy exploding galaxies that have jets 1818 00:38:59,890 --> 00:38:59,900 exploding galaxies that have jets 1819 00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:02,170 exploding galaxies that have jets astronomers are how are these jets made 1820 00:39:02,170 --> 00:39:02,180 astronomers are how are these jets made 1821 00:39:02,180 --> 00:39:04,030 astronomers are how are these jets made the details look so complicated and all 1822 00:39:04,030 --> 00:39:04,040 the details look so complicated and all 1823 00:39:04,040 --> 00:39:05,890 the details look so complicated and all that now I think we're beginning to 1824 00:39:05,890 --> 00:39:05,900 that now I think we're beginning to 1825 00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:08,260 that now I think we're beginning to realize that the answer is why doesn't 1826 00:39:08,260 --> 00:39:08,270 realize that the answer is why doesn't 1827 00:39:08,270 --> 00:39:10,000 realize that the answer is why doesn't everything have a jet that is it seems 1828 00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:10,010 everything have a jet that is it seems 1829 00:39:10,010 --> 00:39:12,460 everything have a jet that is it seems like that this the process of accretion 1830 00:39:12,460 --> 00:39:12,470 like that this the process of accretion 1831 00:39:12,470 --> 00:39:15,130 like that this the process of accretion is almost inevitably accompanied by the 1832 00:39:15,130 --> 00:39:15,140 is almost inevitably accompanied by the 1833 00:39:15,140 --> 00:39:17,110 is almost inevitably accompanied by the process of this narrow collimated 1834 00:39:17,110 --> 00:39:17,120 process of this narrow collimated 1835 00:39:17,120 --> 00:39:19,390 process of this narrow collimated expulsion the question is not how do you 1836 00:39:19,390 --> 00:39:19,400 expulsion the question is not how do you 1837 00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:20,500 expulsion the question is not how do you make Jetts it seems to be any the 1838 00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:20,510 make Jetts it seems to be any the 1839 00:39:20,510 --> 00:39:21,970 make Jetts it seems to be any the question is how do you avoid making Jets 1840 00:39:21,970 --> 00:39:21,980 question is how do you avoid making Jets 1841 00:39:21,980 --> 00:39:24,100 question is how do you avoid making Jets because here we look at the very closest 1842 00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:24,110 because here we look at the very closest 1843 00:39:24,110 --> 00:39:26,400 because here we look at the very closest cases of accretion that we can see 1844 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:26,410 cases of accretion that we can see 1845 00:39:26,410 --> 00:39:28,750 cases of accretion that we can see anywhere in the universe named we think 1846 00:39:28,750 --> 00:39:28,760 anywhere in the universe named we think 1847 00:39:28,760 --> 00:39:29,950 anywhere in the universe named we think that are happening quite close to the 1848 00:39:29,950 --> 00:39:29,960 that are happening quite close to the 1849 00:39:29,960 --> 00:39:32,320 that are happening quite close to the Sun and we see these things that we used 1850 00:39:32,320 --> 00:39:32,330 Sun and we see these things that we used 1851 00:39:32,330 --> 00:39:34,060 Sun and we see these things that we used to think we're very exotic these over 1852 00:39:34,060 --> 00:39:34,070 to think we're very exotic these over 1853 00:39:34,070 --> 00:39:36,910 to think we're very exotic these over here at the birth of the Sun Bruce you 1854 00:39:36,910 --> 00:39:36,920 here at the birth of the Sun Bruce you 1855 00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,310 here at the birth of the Sun Bruce you would have seen an amazing fire rocket 1856 00:39:39,310 --> 00:39:39,320 would have seen an amazing fire rocket 1857 00:39:39,320 --> 00:39:41,980 would have seen an amazing fire rocket going up I i think the conclusion is 1858 00:39:41,980 --> 00:39:41,990 going up I i think the conclusion is 1859 00:39:41,990 --> 00:39:43,990 going up I i think the conclusion is becoming inescapable that you don't get 1860 00:39:43,990 --> 00:39:44,000 becoming inescapable that you don't get 1861 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,210 becoming inescapable that you don't get accretion disks without also getting 1862 00:39:46,210 --> 00:39:46,220 accretion disks without also getting 1863 00:39:46,220 --> 00:39:49,090 accretion disks without also getting these narrow ejected fire hoses on all 1864 00:39:49,090 --> 00:39:49,100 these narrow ejected fire hoses on all 1865 00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:50,950 these narrow ejected fire hoses on all different spatial scales whether they 1866 00:39:50,950 --> 00:39:50,960 different spatial scales whether they 1867 00:39:50,960 --> 00:39:54,010 different spatial scales whether they are calm quiet formations of low-mass 1868 00:39:54,010 --> 00:39:54,020 are calm quiet formations of low-mass 1869 00:39:54,020 --> 00:39:55,630 are calm quiet formations of low-mass stars or whether there are these very 1870 00:39:55,630 --> 00:39:55,640 stars or whether there are these very 1871 00:39:55,640 --> 00:39:58,600 stars or whether there are these very violent accretion onto mass of nuclei of 1872 00:39:58,600 --> 00:39:58,610 violent accretion onto mass of nuclei of 1873 00:39:58,610 --> 00:40:01,720 violent accretion onto mass of nuclei of entire galaxies though even these events 1874 00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:01,730 entire galaxies though even these events 1875 00:40:01,730 --> 00:40:03,520 entire galaxies though even these events are not that common quiet given that the 1876 00:40:03,520 --> 00:40:03,530 are not that common quiet given that the 1877 00:40:03,530 --> 00:40:06,670 are not that common quiet given that the materials blasted off this as ionized 1878 00:40:06,670 --> 00:40:06,680 materials blasted off this as ionized 1879 00:40:06,680 --> 00:40:09,040 materials blasted off this as ionized plasma at hundreds of kilometers a 1880 00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:09,050 plasma at hundreds of kilometers a 1881 00:40:09,050 --> 00:40:11,500 plasma at hundreds of kilometers a second so we're talking a very energetic 1882 00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:11,510 second so we're talking a very energetic 1883 00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:13,180 second so we're talking a very energetic thing which is far more energy 1884 00:40:13,180 --> 00:40:13,190 thing which is far more energy 1885 00:40:13,190 --> 00:40:14,829 thing which is far more energy thick than the star is when it's finally 1886 00:40:14,829 --> 00:40:14,839 thick than the star is when it's finally 1887 00:40:14,839 --> 00:40:15,760 thick than the star is when it's finally been formed I wouldn't want to be 1888 00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:15,770 been formed I wouldn't want to be 1889 00:40:15,770 --> 00:40:19,960 been formed I wouldn't want to be standing in the way any further 1890 00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:19,970 standing in the way any further 1891 00:40:19,970 --> 00:40:24,309 standing in the way any further questions here at Goddard okay thank you 1892 00:40:24,309 --> 00:40:24,319 questions here at Goddard okay thank you 1893 00:40:24,319 --> 00:40:25,720 questions here at Goddard okay thank you understand that there are no questions 1894 00:40:25,720 --> 00:40:25,730 understand that there are no questions 1895 00:40:25,730 --> 00:40:28,300 understand that there are no questions from the other centers thank you for 1896 00:40:28,300 --> 00:40:28,310 from the other centers thank you for 1897 00:40:28,310 --> 00:40:30,370 from the other centers thank you for joining us today and thank you panelist 1898 00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:30,380 joining us today and thank you panelist 1899 00:40:30,380 --> 00:40:33,040 joining us today and thank you panelist Steve that concludes our program for 1900 00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:33,050 Steve that concludes our program for 1901 00:40:33,050 --> 00:46:02,099 Steve that concludes our program for today 1902 00:46:02,099 --> 00:46:02,109 1903 00:46:02,109 --> 00:46:04,170 you